Methods and compositions for processing biomass with elevated levels of starch

ABSTRACT

Genetically engineered plants having altered levels of one or more starch regulation enzymes and a polysaccharide degrading enzyme are provided. Methods of genetically engineering plants to express products altering expression of one or more starch regulation enzymes and polysaccharide degrading enzymes, and genetic constructs are provided. Methods of agricultural processing and animal feed using the genetically engineered plants are described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/806,654, filed Dec. 21, 2012, which is a 35 U.S.C. 371 National Stage Application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2011/041991, filed Jun. 27, 2011; and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/358,720, filed Jun. 25, 2010; and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/726,301, filed Nov. 14, 2012; all of which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

The Sequence Listing titled “Sequence_Listing,” having a file size of about 1,236,683 bytes, created on Mar. 8, 2013 and filed herewith is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT STATEMENT

This invention was made at least in part with government support under award number 2009-10001-05118 awarded by the U.S. National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The disclosure herein relates to isolated nucleic acids, genetic constructs and vectors for engineering plants with elevated levels of vegetative starch and expressing polysaccharide degrading enzymes, and genetically engineered plants. The disclosure also relates to methods of agricultural processing and preparing animal feed using the genetically engineered plants.

BACKGROUND

Glucose is a simple sugar that can be used in a variety of food, feed, and chemical applications. However, glucose availability and cost have recently become a limiting factor in the demand for an inexpensive biofuel feedstock and sustainable animal feed. Demand for corn and sugarcane has increased the price of this commodity significantly. Starch is a large polymer composed of repeating glucose residues linked via α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds (Stitt & Samuel C Zeeman 2012). Starch is a superior source of glucose because of it's simple molecular structure (α-1-4, and α-1-6 glucose linkages) and the relative ease with which these bonds are accessed and hydrolyzed by inexpensive and highly effective enzymes (e.g.; α-amylase and glucoamylase). Starch derived from plant materials can be readily converted into glucose either in the digestive tracts of animals (feed applications) or biochemically (for example, via acid hydrolysis or enzymatic hydrolysis). Hydrolysis of high-starch plant tissues like grain provides relatively pure glucose that is effectively transformed into meat or chemical end-products.

Glucose can also be derived from other plant-produced polymers, such as cellulose, β-glucan, or xyloglucans. However, the processes for releasing the glucose from these polymers are generally much less efficient; they are less easily digested by ruminant and monogastric animals, and chemical means of releasing the glucose typically involve harsh chemical treatments followed by hydrolysis with expensive enzyme cocktails (Alvira et al. 2010).

Sucrose, a soluble storage carbohydrate, is also a plant derived feedstock molecule that is readily utilized by fermentative organisms. Cropping and processing systems that use sucrose feedstocks, such as sugarbeets and sweet sorghum, are constrained by narrow harvest windows and storage and stability limitations. Sweet sorghum must be processed similarly to sugarcane, within days of its harvest to limit microbial fermentation of the sucrose due to the high moisture content in the harvested materials (spoilage). Campaign periods reduce the overall capital effectiveness of dedicated processing facilities.

Lignocellulosic substrates are less attractive feedstocks because of processing difficulties. Lignocellulosic biomass contains a mixture of hexoses and pentoses and their recalcitrance to hydrolysis (crystallinity, and cross-linking to lignin) makes digestion and cost effective degradation into useable sugars difficult. In biofuels production, expensive pretreatments are being developed to aid in complete hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Full utilization of the resultant mixtures of sugars for fuel and chemical production also requires that specialized fermentation organisms transform the resulting sugars into final products, such as ethanol, butanol, succinic acid, and other chemicals.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, the invention relates to a genetically engineered plant. The genetically engineered plant comprises a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The genetically engineered plant also comprises a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. Upon the expression of the first nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant has an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant having the same genetic background as the genetically engineered plant but lacking the first isolated nucleic acid.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a genetic construct. The genetic construct includes a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The genetic construct also includes a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of agricultural processing or preparing animal feed. The method comprises providing a genetically engineered plant. The genetically engineered plant comprises a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The genetically engineered plant also comprises a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. Upon the expression of the first nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant has an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings particular embodiments. It is understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

FIGS. 1A-G illustrate strategies for expressing interfering RNAs in transgenic plants.

FIG. 2 illustrates an intermediate RNAi vector, pAL409.

FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of a naturally-occurring microRNA (osa-MIR528; SEQ ID NO: 159) from rice. Driver sequences are boxed and can be altered to change the targeting specificity of the microRNA (adapted from Wartmann et al. 2008).

FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of a synthetic gene for expressing a single hpRNA.

FIG. 5 illustrates a genetic construct that includes expression cassettes for two hpRNAs.

FIG. 6 illustrates RNAi cassettes targeting rice GWD, DSP, and ISA3 genes.

FIG. 7 illustrates sequence comparison between the Query (top sequence), a portion of GWD2 [SEQ ID NO: 181], derived from the rice glucan water dikinase gene, and the Sbjct (bottom sequence), a portion of the GWD gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) [SEQ ID NO: 182].

FIG. 8 illustrates pAL409j SbGWDko2.

FIG. 9 illustrates detection of ISA3 homologues via Southern blot.

FIG. 10 illustrates alignment of excerpts from the GWD genes of rice (OsGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 196 and 200], sorghum (SbGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 197 and 201], maize (ZmGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 198 and 202], and tomato (SlGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 199 and 203]. Primers dgGWup2 [SEQ ID NO: 204] and dgGWdown2 [SEQ ID NO: 205] are also illustrated.

FIG. 11 illustrates comparison of relative length and positioning of introns within the core homology segment of GWD genes from rice, sorghum, Arabidopsis, and switchgrass.

FIG. 12 illustrates a dot matrix depiction of BLASTn alignments between switchgrass and rice genomic sequences for glucan water dikinase genes. Horizontal axis, switchgrass sequence; vertical axis, rice sequence. Diagonal segments represent regions where the two sequences are highly homologous.

FIG. 13 illustrates GWD mRNA levels among plants carrying either pAG2100 or pAG2101, and wild type (WT) control plants.

FIG. 14 illustrates DSP mRNA levels among plants carrying pAG2102 and WT controls.

FIG. 15 illustrates ISA3 mRNA levels among plants carrying pAG2103 and WT control plants.

FIG. 16 illustrates expression of the GDW gene in the RNAi-silenced transgenic maize produced from constructs pAG4102 and pAG4103.

FIGS. 17A-B illustrate elevated starch among select lines of rice (17A) and switchgrass (17B) that carry RNAi constructs.

FIG. 18 illustrates starch content in transgenic rice lines, collected approximately 19 weeks after planting.

FIG. 19 illustrates a chart depicting starch content (mg starch per gram straw dry weight) across populations of transgenic rice plants each carrying one of 11 different constructs numbered sequentially 2107 to 2117. Nipponbarre are untransformed control rice lines.

FIG. 20 illustrates the dry weight of transgenic rice plants carrying 2116 construct and untransformed control rice plants (NB).

FIG. 21 illustrates glucose yield from transgenic (Os mix; black bars) rice straw produced by using constructs pAG2110, pAG2115 and pAG2116 and non-transgenic control NB mix (non-transgenic Nipponbarre rice; gray bars) following pretreatment with 0.25M sulfuric acid (acid) at 95° C. for 4 or 16 hours or at 120° C. for 1 hour and enzymatic hydrolysis.

FIG. 22 illustrates glucose recovery from NB control mix (white bars) and transgenic mix (black bars) produced with constructs pAG2110, pAG2115 and pAG2116 following pretreatment with 0.25M sulfuric acid (acid; pH 1.0), 7.5% NH₄OH (base; pH 12.0) or 0.175M (NH₄)HSO₃+0.18M (NH₄)₂CO₃ (bisulfite; pH 8.1) at 95° C. for 4 or 16 hours.

FIG. 23 illustrates xylose recovery from control (white bars) and transgenic biomass (black bars) following pretreatment with 0.25M sulfuric acid (acid; pH 1.0), 7.5% NH₄OH (base; pH 12.0) or 0.175M (NH₄)HSO₃+0.18M (NH₄)₂CO₃ (bisulfite; pH8.1) at 95° C. for 4 or 16 hours.

FIG. 24 illustrates glucose yields from biomass from individual transgenic rice plants 2110_(—)13 (black bars) and 2110_(—)21 (dark gray bars) produced from construct pAG2110 compared to that from control tissue (NB mix; white bars) following pretreatments with acid, base, bisulfite or Ca(OH)₂, and enzymatic hydrolysis.

FIG. 25 illustrates growth of yeast cells as measured by numbers of colony forming units per mL of culture volume (CFU/mL) during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of rice biomass (square; transgenic mix), non-transgenic control plants (diamond; NB control mix) and glucose control (triangle).

FIG. 26 illustrates release and consumption of glucose during simultaneous sacharification and fermention of rice biomass (square; transgenic mix), non-transgenic control plants (diamond; NB control mix) and glucose control (triangle).

FIG. 27 illustrates ethanol production during simultaneous sacharification and fermention of rice biomass (square; transgenic mix), non-transgenic control plants (diamond; NB control mix) and glucose control (triangle).

FIG. 28 illustrates a diagram of an expression cassette for a single cell wall degrading enzyme (CWDE).

FIG. 29 illustrates one construct comprised of one expression cassette for an hpRNA and expression cassettes for three CWDEs.

FIG. 30 illustrates starch content, xylanase activity and endoglucanase activity among transgenic plants carrying pAG4110 and pAG4111 expression cassettes and control plants.

FIG. 31 illustrates glucose yields from transgenic plants carrying pAG4206, pAG4110 and pAG4111 expression cassettes and WT controls.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting.

“Isolated nucleic acid,” “isolated polynucleotide,” “isolated oligonucleotide,” “isolated DNA,” or “isolated RNA” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid, polynucleotide, oligonucleotide, DNA, or RNA separated from the organism from which it originates or from the naturally occurring genome, location, or molecules with which it is normally associated, or is a nucleic acid that was made through a synthetic process.

“Isolated protein,” “isolated polypeptide,” “isolated oligopeptide,” or “isolated peptide” as used herein refers to a protein, polypeptide, oligopeptide or peptide separated from the organism from which it originates or from the naturally occurring location, or molecules with which it is normally associated.

As used herein, “variant” refers to a molecule that retains a biological activity that is the same or substantially similar to that of the original sequence. The variant may be from the same or different species or be a synthetic sequence based on a natural or prior molecule.

Nucleic acids, nucleotide sequences, proteins or amino acid sequences referred to herein can be isolated, purified, synthesized chemically, or produced through recombinant DNA technology. All of these methods are well known in the art.

As used herein, “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more biomolecules in a configuration relative to one another such that the normal function of the biomolecules can be performed. In relation to nucleotide sequences, “operably linked” refers to the association of two or more nucleic acid sequences in a configuration relative to one another such that the normal function of the sequences can be performed. For example, the nucleotide sequence encoding a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the coding sequence; and a nucleic acid ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate binding of the ribosome to the nucleic acid.

The words “a” and “one,” as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of the specification, are defined as including one or more of the referenced item unless specifically stated otherwise. This terminology includes the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. The phrase “at least one” followed by a list of two or more items, such as “A, B, or C,” means any individual one of A, B or C as well as any combination thereof.

Increasing the starch content of biomass can increase the energy content (calories) in animal feed or improve glucose extraction from biomass for the production of ethanol or other biochemicals.

A strategy for increasing glucose availability in plant derived biomass that is to be used as animal feed or chemical feedstock would be to cause the plants to accumulate additional starch. Such additional starch would both augment the total amount of glucose present in the biomass and make a greater portion of that glucose easily-extracted. To increase the amount of starch that accumulates in biomass, particularly in vegetative (non-seed) parts of the plant, the normal processes by which plants synthesize and turn over vegetative starch may be modulated.

Plants typically synthesize starch in vegetative tissues during the daytime, while at night they degrade the starch to mobilize the resulting sugar in order to support the energy needs of the plant. Vegetative plant cells express a series of enzymes to initiate mobilization of transitory starch during the nighttime (Stitt & Samuel C Zeeman 2012). Among these are Glucan Water Dikinase (“GWD”), which phosphorylates the starch polymer, and Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase (PWD), which further phosphorylates the starch. These steps in starch turnover make the starch polymer accessible to subsequent starch degrading enzymes. A number of starch degrading enzymes can then bind to the phosphorylated polysaccharide, but depolymerization (hydrolysis) of the starch granule does not progress efficiently until the starch polymer is dephosphorylated through the action of enzymes such as the dual-specificity protein phosphatase (DSP) or other phosphoglucan phosphatases. Subsequently, enzymes such as beta amylases (BAM), isoamylases (such as ISA3), alpha amylases (AMY), debranching enzymes (DBE), disproportionating enzymes (DPE) and limit dextrinases, convert the starch polymer to linear glucans, short oligosaccharides such as maltose, and glucose. To develop biomass that has more utility and higher value as a feed product (e.g., when formulated as a feed ration or when used in silage) or as an industrial feedstock (e.g., to provide glucose for the fermentative production of ethanol or other biochemicals), an increased starch accumulation was sought in vegetative tissues by reducing the expression or activity of key enzymes involved in the turnover of transitory starch.

An embodiment provides a method for alteration in the amount of starch that accumulates in vegetative tissues of plants by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that are normally responsible for mobilizing vegetative starch (hereinafter referred to as “Green Starch” or “vegetative starch”) during day/night cycles. Isolated nucleic acids are provided for alteration in the amount of starch that accumulates in vegetative tissues of plants by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that are normally responsible for mobilizing Green Starch. Genetically engineered plants are provided, which include nucleic acids for alteration in the amount of starch that accumulates in vegetative tissues of plants by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that are normally responsible for mobilizing Green Starch. Any plant can be provided as the genetically engineered plant.

In an embodiment, plants may be also genetically engineered to express polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Genetically engineered plants having elevated levels of vegetative starch may also express one or more polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Polysaccharide degrading enzymes may be starch degrading enzymes. Starch degrading enzymes may be but are not limited to amylases (BAM), isoamylases (such as ISA3), alpha amylases (AMY), debranching enzymes (DBE), disproportionating enzymes (DPE), limit dextrinases, glucoamylases, glucotransferases, glucosidases or invertases. Polysaccharide degrading enzymes may be cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) or modified CWDEs. The modified forms may be intein modified CWD proteins. Intein modified enzymes and conditions for inducing splicing of the inteins, which could be used as activation conditions, were described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/886,393 filed Jul. 7, 2004 and PCT/US10/55746 filed Nov. 5, 2010, and PCT/US10/55669 filed Nov. 5, 2010 and PCT/US10/55751 filed Nov. 5, 2010, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. One or more polysaccharide degrading enzyme may be but is not limited to an enzyme selected from XynA: Beta-1,4-xylanase 229B from Dictyoglomus thermophilum (Uniprot accession P77853); XynB: Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Uniprot accession O43097); EGA: Endo-beta 1,4-endoglucanase from Nasutitermes takasagoensis (Uniprot accession O77044); EGB: Endo-beta 1,4-endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus (Uniprot accession P54583); AccA: Feruloyl esterase A from Apergillus niger (Uniprot accession O42807); AccB: Feruloyl esterase B from Aspergillus niger (Uniprot accession number Q8WZI8); AccA/B: Feruloyl esterase A and Feruloyl esterase B from Aspergillus niger; EGC: Endo-beta 1,4-endoglucanase from Rhodothermus marinus (Uniprot accession O33897); P40942: Beta-1,4-xylanase from Clostridium stercorarium F9 (Uniprot accession number P40942); P40943: Beta-1,4-xylanase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T-6 (Bacillus stearothermophilus; Uniprot accession number P40943); O30700: Beta-1,4-xylanase from Bacillus sp. NG-27 (Uniprot accession number O30700); CBHA: cellobiohydrolase A from Clostridium thermocellum (Uniprot accession number O68438); CBHB: cellobiohydrolase B (SYT BD22308); or XynE: xylanase (EU591743).

Embodiments herein provide for harvesting plants having elevated levels of starch and/or in planta polysaccharide degrading enzymes for use as a feedstock in agricultural processing. Genetically engineered plant biomass expressing polysaccharide degrading enzymes may not require harsh pretreatments to improve cellulose cell wall accessibility to exogenous enzymes. Methods and compositions for consolidated pretreatment and hydrolysis of plant biomass expressing cell wall degrading enzymes were described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/414,627, filed Mar. 7, 2012; and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/028132, filed Mar. 7, 2012, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

In an embodiment, animal feed applications including increased levels of starch in vegetative tissues are provided. Easily-fermentable sugars available in a fermentation process may be provided by embodiments herein. Production of biofuels may be enhanced by providing easily-fermentable sugars. Methods of providing easily fermentable sugars and methods of enhancing production of biofuels are provided as embodiments herein.

Crops with elevated levels of vegetative starch have a variety of uses and utilities. In an embodiment, biomass from plants that accumulate elevated levels of vegetative starch relative to wild type plants are provided. These plants may have added value as feedstocks for fermentation processes or animal feed applications. For example, in a typical cellulosic process, polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicelluloses that are present in the biomass are hydrolyzed to simple sugars, which may then be fermented to ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, fatty acids, or other hydrocarbons by microorganisms. Because of the recalcitrance of the biomass, the release of the simple sugars from polymers such as cellulose and hemicelluloses often requires the use of harsh pretreatment conditions and hydrolysis with relatively expensive mixtures of enzymes. In contrast, any starch that is present in the biomass represents an additional source of simple sugars (namely, glucose), which can be released very easily and much less expensively with either dilute acid treatments or hydrolysis by amylases, which are currently available and much less expensive than the enzymes required for the digestion of cellulose and hemicelluloses. As a result, any increase in the amount of starch present in the biomass will simultaneously increase the amount of fermentable sugar that can be recovered (and therefore the amount of ethanol, butanol, etc. that can be made) with only a disproportionately small increase in process costs (i.e. addition of an inexpensive amylase or acid pretreatment). Similarly, biomass that contains elevated levels of starch may have greater value in forage applications, where the plant material is fed to livestock. Again, the excess starch present in this material is more easily digested by most animals than is the cellulosic material, providing more energy per unit biomass than biomass with ordinary levels of starch. Embodiments include utilizing a transgenic plant as set forth herein for any of these methods.

Methods herein, including those in the previous paragraph, may include modifying plants to create genetically engineered plants, growing the genetically engineered plants, harvesting the plants and either processing them for animal feed applications as one would other forage crops, or dry them and treat them for use in fermentation processes similar to the manner of treatment that is used in cellulosic processes but with the addition of a treatment such as acid hydrolysis or amylase digestion to hydrolyze the starch to its component sugars. Any one step, set of steps, or all the steps set forth in this paragraph may be provided in a method herein.

Genes to target for Green Starch alteration were identified. Any enzyme, protein or nucleic acid involved in starch metabolism may be targeted for alteration of Green Starch levels. In an embodiment, alteration is accomplished by suppression of gene expression of genes related to Green Starch. In an embodiment, alteration is an increase in the amount of Green Starch. Particular enzymes that may be targets include but are not limited to Glucan Water Dikinase (also known as GWD, R1, sex1); Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase (also known as PWD); Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase (also known as DSP, sex4); β-amylase (BAM), isoamylase (also known as ISA3), limit dextrinases (also known as LDA); disproportionating enzyme; and other debranching enzymes. GWD phosphorylates starch, which is then susceptible to starch degrading enzymes. PWD phosphorylates starch, and may be dependent upon prior action by GWD by episatsis. DSP is regulatory, and may activate starch degrading enzymes. DSP may also phosphorylate starch. Also, DSP is suspected of having endo-amylase activity, which may be synergistic with β-amylase and isoamylase starch mobilization. BAM (but not α-amylase) and ISA3 are involved in mobilizing vegetative starch. BAM activity depends on GWD, and ISA3 activity depends on BAM.

A number of strategies are available for interfering with the expression or accumulation of enzyme activities in plants. Among these are antisense RNA, co-suppression, and RNA interference (Frizzi & Huang 2010 and Chi-Ham et al. 2010), mutagenesis and screening strategies such as TILLING (Sikora et al. 2011), T-DNA insertion and transposon-based mutagenesis (An et al. 2005), genome editing strategies involving nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (Wright et al. 2005), TAL effector nucleases (Christian et al. 2010), or intein-derived meganucleases (Wehrkamp-Richter et al. 2009). The references cited are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

A number of genome editing strategies have been developed to introduce stable changes that either completely or partially (that is, silence or attenuate) block expression of genes encoding enzymes that are involved in mobilization of transitory starch. Among these are deleting critical regions in the promoters, coding sequences, or terminator sequences of the genes or changing or deleting key amino acid residues in enzyme catalytic domain to reduce the activity of the enzyme that is expressed. Changes can be introduced by introducing a transgene into transgenic plants that expresses a recombinant nuclease that is designed to cleave the target gene as described previously (Puchta et al. 1993; Wright et al. 2005 and Wehrkamp-Richter et al. 2009, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). The target gene can itself be a separate transgene or an endogenous gene that is native to the plant. Once expressed, the nuclease will introduce double stranded DNA breaks in the target sequence, for example, deleting a short segment that then may be partially repaired by the cell's DNA repair mechanisms, leaving a lesion within the target gene. Once the target gene has been cleaved, the nuclease gene is no longer needed. If the nuclease gene was itself introduced as part of a separate stable transgene, then the nuclease transgene may have integrated into a different site within the genome of the host organism. In such cases, the nuclease gene can be eliminated from the plants via genetic segregation and selection. Alternatively, the nuclease gene can be introduced as a transient expression system, for example as part of the genome of a non-integrating virus as described by Vainstein et al. 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. In either case, if the alterations (deletions) to the target gene are carried by cells in the germline, progeny of the modified plants will carry the altered target genes, and they will not express fully functional enzyme from that target gene.

In an embodiment, targets may be suppressed using RNAi suppression of gene expression. RNAi constructs are provided to suppress gene expression of target proteins. The target proteins may be enzymes. The target enzyme may be selected from an enzyme involved in Green Starch mobilization. RNAi constructs suppressing at least one of GWD, PWD, DSP, BAM, isoamylase, LDA, disproportionating enzyme and other debranching enzymes are provided.

A number of strategies have been developed for expressing RNAi in transgenic plants. See, for example, Horiguchi G., RNA silencing in plants: a shortcut to functional analysis (2004) Differentiation 72(2-3): 65-73, which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. See also Smith N A, Singh S P, Wang B, Stoutjesdijk P A, Green A G, Waterhouse P M, Total silencing by intron-spliced hairpin RNAs (2000) Nature 407:319-20; Stoutjesdijk P A, Singh S P, Liu Q, Hurlstone C J, Waterhouse P A, Green A G hpRNA-mediated targeting of the Arabidopsis FAD2 gene gives highly efficient and stable silencing (2002) Plant Physiol. 129(4): 1723-31, which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. Referring to FIGS. 1A-G, exemplary strategies for RNAi are illustrated. Embodiments herein include RNAi constructs, methods and transgenic plants implementing an RNAi strategy. Promoters 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 and 108 may allow transcription of nucleic acid in the constructs. The strategy shown in FIG. 1E includes an XVE responsive promoter 109, and the strategy in FIG. 1D includes promoter fragments 110 and 111. Terminators 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 and 130 are also illustrated, as are transcribed terminator sequences 122a and 123. Spacers 132, 133 and 134 are illustrated for strategies in FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1D, and the transcribed spacers 132a and 133b are illustrated for FIGS. 1A and 1C. Introns 140, 141 and 142 and transcribed intron 140a are illustrated in FIGS. 1B, 1E and 1F. cDNA fragments 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 and 161 are shown, as well as transcribed cDNA 150a, 151a, 152a, 153a, 154a, and ds RNA strand 154a′. In FIGS. 1E and 1F, loxP sites 170, 171 and 172 are illustrated. Embodiments include methods utilizing driver RNAs separated by an intron spacer as illustrated in FIG. 1B, and RNAi constructs, vectors, intermediate vectors, transformation vectors, primers, and transgenic plants for implementing the strategy of FIG. 1B. But embodiments herein are not limited to the strategy illustrated in FIG. 1B.

In an embodiment, isolated nucleic acids are provided having a sequence as set forth in any one of the nucleic acids listed herein or the complement thereof. In an embodiment, isolated nucleic acids having a sequence that hybridizes to a nucleic acid having the sequence of any nucleic acid listed herein or the complement thereof are provided. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are low stringency conditions. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are moderate stringency conditions. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are high stringency conditions. Examples of hybridization protocols and methods for optimization of hybridization protocols are described in the following books: Molecular Cloning, T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982; and, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, K. Struhl, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, 2000, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth. Moderate conditions may be as follows: filters loaded with DNA samples are pretreated for 2-4 hours at 68° C. in a solution containing 6× citrate buffered saline (SSC; Amresco, Inc., Solon, Ohio), 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; Amresco, Inc., Solon, Ohio), 5×Denhardt's solution (Amresco, Inc., Solon, Ohio), and denatured salmon sperm (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Inc. Carlsbad, Calif.). Hybridization is carried in the same solution with the following modifications: 0.01 M EDTA (Amresco, Inc., Solon, Ohio), 100 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 5−20×10⁶ cpm ³²P-labeled or fluorescently labeled probes. Filters are incubated in hybridization mixture for 16-20 hours and then washed for 15 minutes in a solution containing 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS. The wash solution is replaced for a second wash with a solution containing 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS and incubated an additional 2 hours at 20° C. to 29° C. below Tm (melting temperature in ° C.). Tm=81.5+16.61 Log₁₀([Na+]/(1.0+0.7 [Na+]))+0.41(%[G+C])−(500/n)−P−F. [Na+]=Molar concentration of sodium ions. %[G+C]=percent of G+C bases in DNA sequence. N=length of DNA sequence in bases. P=a temperature correction for % mismatched base pairs (−1° C. per 1% mismatch). F=correction for formamide concentration (=0.63° C. per 1% formamide). Filters are exposed for development in an imager or by autoradiography. Low stringency conditions refers to hybridization conditions at low temperatures, for example, between 37° C. and 60° C., and the second wash with higher [Na+] (up to 0.825M) and at a temperature 40° C. to 48° C. below Tm. High stringency refers to hybridization conditions at high temperatures, for example, over 68° C., and the second wash with [Na+]=0.0165 to 0.0330M at a temperature 5° C. to 10° C. below Tm.

In an embodiment, isolated nucleic acids having a sequence that has at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity along its length to a contiguous portion of a nucleic acid having any one of the sequences set forth herein or the complements thereof are provided. The contiguous portion may be the entire length of a sequence set forth herein or the complement thereof.

Determining percent identity of two amino acid sequences or two nucleic acid sequences may include aligning and comparing the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding positions in the two sequences. If all positions in two sequences are occupied by identical amino acid residues or nucleotides then the sequences are said to be 100% identical. Percent identity may be measured by the Smith Waterman algorithm (Smith T F, Waterman M S 1981 “Identification of Common Molecular Subsequences,” J Mol Biol 147: 195-197, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth).

In an embodiment, isolated nucleic acids, polynucleotides, or oligonucleotides are provided having a portion of the sequence as set forth in any one of the nucleic acids listed herein or the complement thereof. These isolated nucleic acids, polynucleotides, or oligonucleotides are not limited to but may have a length in the range from 10 to full length, 10 to 3000, 10 to 2900, 10 to 2800, 10 to 2700, 10 to 2600, to 2500, 10 to 2400, 10 to 2300, 10 to 2200, 10 to 2100, 10 to 2000, 10 to 1900, 10 to 1800, 10 to 1700, 10 to 1600, 10 to 1500, 10 to 1400, 10 to 1300, 10 to 1200, 10 to 1100, to 1000, 10 to 900, 10 to 800, 10 to 10 to 600, 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200, 10 to 100, 10 to 90, 10 to 80, 10 to 70, 10 to 60, 10 to 50, 10 to 40, 10 to 35, 10 to 30, 10 to 25, 10 to 20, 10 to 15, or 20 to 30 nucleotides or 10, 15, 20 or 25 nucleotides. An isolated nucleic acid, polynucleotide, or oligonucleotide having a length within one of the above ranges may have any specific length within the range recited, endpoints inclusive. The recited length of nucleotides may start at any single position within a reference sequence (i.e., any one of the nucleic acids herein) where enough nucleotides follow the single position to accommodate the recited length. In an embodiment, a hybridization probe or primer is 85 to 100%, 90 to 100%, 91 to 100%, 92 to 100%, 93 to 100%, 94 to 100%, 95 to 100%, 96 to 100%, 97 to 100%, 98 to 100%, 99 to 100%, or 100% complementary to a nucleic acid with the same length as the probe or primer and having a sequence chosen from a length of nucleotides corresponding to the probe or primer length within a portion of a sequence as set forth in any one of the nucleic acids listed herein. In an embodiment, a hybridization probe or primer hybridizes along its length to a corresponding length of a nucleic acid having the sequence as set forth in any one of the nucleic acids listed herein. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are low stringency. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are moderate stringency. In an embodiment, the hybridization conditions are high stringency.

Any of the isolated nucleic acids herein may be provided in a kit. The kit may be used to make an RNAi construct, produce transgenic plants, test a plant for the presence of a gene of interest, test a plant for the presence of an RNAi construct as described herein, or any other method or purpose described herein. A kit may include one or more vector herein or one or more probe or primer herein.

In an embodiment, a genetically engineered plant is provided. The genetically engineered plant may be derived from any plant. The genetically engineered plant may be derived from an energy crop plant, a forage crop plant or a food crop plant. The energy crop plant may be but is not limited to a corn plant, a switchgrass plant, a poplar plant or a miscanthus plant. The forage crop plant may be but is not limited to a sorghum plant. The food crop plant may be but is not limited to a corn plant or a tomato plant. The genetically engineered plant may be a transgenic plant. The transgenic plant may include an RNAi construct. The transgenic plant may include a genetic construct that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein envolved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The transgenic plant may also include a nucleic acid encoding a polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The plant may be a rice plant, a switchgrass plant, a sorghum plant, a corn plant or a tomato plant.

A genetically engineered plant refers to a transgenic plant or a mutant plant, progeny of a transgenic plant or a genetically engineered plant, a descendant of a transgenic plant or a genetically engineered plant, or a part of any of the foregoing. A transgenic plant may include a genetic construct. The genetic construct may include a first nucleic acid that encodes a product that may inactivate or inhibit the expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The genetic construct may also include a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme, which does not occur naturally in the plant. Upon the expression of the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant may have an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant of the same genetic background as the genetically engineered plant but lacking the genetic construct. The genetically engineered plant may express at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The genetically engineered plant may include more than one genetic construct. The genetically engineered plant may include a first construct comprising a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that may inactivate or inhibit the expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The genetically engineered plant may also include a second genetic construct comprising a second nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The genetic construct(s) may be integrated into a genome of the plant. The genetic construct(s) may be transiently expressed in the plant. As used herein, genetic background is defined as a plurality of all genes in a plant. Thus, plants of the same species or variety may be referred to as plants having the same genes or the same genetic background. A genetically engineered plant may include the genetic construct or constructs described herein and, otherwise, may have the same genes as non-genetically engineered plant of the same genetic background.

An embodiment includes a genetically engineered plant. The genetically engineered plant may be any one described herein. The genetically engineered plant may be a transgenic plant having an altered level of vegetative starch, or any part of the transgenic plant. The genetically engineered plant may be a transgenic plant expressing a polysaccharide degrading enzyme, or any part of the transgenic plant. The genetically engineered plant may be any transgenic plant having an altered level of vegetative starch and/or expressing a polysaccharide degrading enzyme, or any part of the transgenic plant. The genetically engineered plant may include a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The first isolated nucleic acid may be as described below. The second isolated nucleic acid may be as described below. Upon the expression of the first nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant may have an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant having the same genetic background as the genetically engineered plant but lacking the first isolated nucleic acid. The altered level may be an increased level.

A genetically engineered plant may be a conventional mutant having one or more mutations in a nucleic acid sequence of a gene resulted in inhibiting expression of the gene encoding an enzyme involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The mutations may be deletions, insertions or substitutions of nucleic acids in a sequence of target genes. The conventional mutant may have an altered level of vegetative starch compared to a non-mutant plant of the same genetic background. The conventional mutant may be further genetically engineered to include a nucleic acid encoding a polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The conventional mutant having an altered level of vegetative starch may be also a transgenic plant expressing a polysaccharide degrading enzyme.

The genetically engineered plant may be of any type of plant. The genetically engineered plant may be but is not limited to corn, soybean, rice, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum, switchgrass, miscanthus, eucalyptus, willow, or poplar. A genetically engineered plant may be a whole transgenic plant or a mutant plant or parts of the plant. The parts may be but are not limited to leaves, stems, flowers, buds, petals, ovaries, fruits, or seeds. A genetically engineered plant may be callus from a transgenic plant or a mutant plant. A genetically engineered plant may be regenerated from parts of a transgenic plant or a mutant plant or plants. A genetically engineered plant may be a product of sexual crossing of a first transgenic plant and a second transgenic plant or a non-transgenic plant where the product plant retains a polynucleotide sequence introduced to the first transgenic plant. A genetically engineered plant may be a product of sexual crossing of a first mutant plant and a second non-mutant plant where the product plant retains a mutation introduced to the first mutant plant. The transgenic plant or the mutant plant may be any one of the transgenic plants or mutant plants provided herein.

An embodiment provides a genetic construct designed to implement a strategy for modifying levels of vegetative starch in plants. The genetic construct may include a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of one or more genes encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The product may be but is not limited to an RNAi construct, an hpRNA, an miRNA, a restricting enzyme, or a meganuclease. The protein may be but is not limited to Glucan Water Dikinase (GWD), Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase (PWD), Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase (DSP), limit dextrinase (LDA), a disproportionating enzyme, a debranching enzyme, β-amylase (BAM) and isoamylase. The genetic construct may include a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes one or more polysaccharide degrading enzymes.

The genetic construct may further include an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid, and a spacer contiguous with and between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement. The term “inverted complement” refers to a sequence complimentary to another sequence on the same strand of a nucleic acid. For example, an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid is on the same strand as the first isolated nucleic acid. As a further example, an inverted complement of a nucleic acid sequence of OsDSP1:

TATGGTTGACAAGCTTGTGCAGTTTGCTAATCACAGCAGGAAGCCTCAATCGCAAATCAAAAGCATCAAAATCCCTAATTTCGGCACGAC AGTGCTCTATATCTTTACATTGTAGACAATATTCTTGAATGGCACAGATGTCAACTCCAAAATATTCAAGGTCTGGATCTTGCTGCAGGC AGAATACTGTTTTTACACCAATGTCCCTAAGTTTATCAACATCAAGTGGGCTCTGTAAGCAGGAGCCCACGATCAAGTCTGGGCGTATGA AATTGTAGTTCATTCCAAGCTCATGTCTATACGTCAACACTGCTCCCATAGCTTGCGTCATGTTGGTGCTGTACGTATCGGATTTCTCCG TGCCCGCCTCCACTGCGCCACTCTGGGCGCTAGAAGTAGACGCCCCGGATGCGGTTTTGACAGTGTTTGATCGGCGACTCCCGCCACGAA CCATCGTCAGATTGAGCGGCGAGGGCCGCCTCATGGACCTGGATCCCACGATTGGAGGCTCCTTGAGCAGGTTCTGGAGGCAGTTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 40) is the following sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 172) ATGAACTGCCTCCAGAACCTGCTCAAGGAGCCTCCAATCGTGGGATCCAGGTCCATGAGGCGGCCCTCGCCGCTCAATCTGACGATGGTT CGTGGCGGGAGTCGCCGATCAAACACTGTCAAAACCGCATCCGGGGCGTCTACTTCTAGCGCCCAGAGTGGCGCAGTGGAGGCGGGCACG GAGAAATCCGATACGTACAGCACCAACATGACGCAAGCTATGGGAGCAGTGTTGACGTATAGACATGAGCTTGGAATGAACTACAATTTC ATACGCCCAGACTTGATCGTGGGCTCCTGCTTACAGAGCCCACTTGATGTTGATAAACTTAGGGACATTGGTGTAAAAACAGTATTCTGC CTGCAGCAAGATCCAGACCTTGAATATTTTGGAGTTGACATCTGTGCCATTCAAGAATATTGTCTACAATGTAAAGATATAGAGCACTGT CGTGCCGAAATTAGGGATTTTGATGCTTTTGATTTGCGATTGAGGCTTCCTGCTGTGATTAGCAAACTGCACAAGCTTGTCAACCATA.

A sequence of the inverted complement may be capable of hybridizing to a sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid. The sequence of the inverted complement may be capable of hybridizing to the sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under in situ conditions in a genetically engineered plant. The sequence of the inverted complement may be capable of hybridizing to the sequence of the first nucleic acid sequence under conditions of one of low, moderate, or high stringency.

The genetic construct may also include a spacer contiguous with and between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement. The spacer may be operably linked to the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement and may provide a connection between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement such that the RNA sequences transcribed from the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement can hybridize with one another. The first isolated nucleic acid may be upstream from and contiguous with the spacer, and the spacer may be upstream from and contiguous with the inverted complement. The inverted complement may be upstream from and contiguous with the spacer, and the spacer may be upstream from and contiguous with the first nucleic acid. An operably linked spacer may be an intron. The intron may splice the sequences of the first isolated nucleic and the inverted complement.

The genetic construct may include a promoter operably linked to the first isolated nucleic acid, the inverted complement and the spacer. The operably linked promoter may allow transcription of the first isolated nucleic acid, the inverted complement and the spacer. Transcription of the first isolated nucleic acid, the inverted complement and the spacer may be referred to as expression of the first isolated nucleic acid, the inverted complement and the spacer. Upon expression of the first isolated nucleic acid, the inverted complement and the spacer, the RNA sequence transcribed from the first isolated nucleic acid and the RNA sequence transcribed from the inverted complement may be capable of hybridizing with each other. The hybridized RNA transcripts of the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement may be capable of inhibiting expression of the gene. A transgenic plant may include more than one kind of RNAi construct. Each different kind of RNAi construct may be directed to inhibiting a different gene expressing a different target protein. The target gene may be selected from one or more gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The protein may be but is not limited to Glucan Water Dikinase (GWD), Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase (PWD), Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase (DSP), limit dextrinase (LDA), a disproportionating enzyme, a debranching enzyme, β-amylase (BAM), or isoamylase.

In an embodiment, a first isolated nucleic acid and an inverted repeat may encode a product that may be an hpRNA. The hpRNA may be homologous to a portion of a messenger RNA encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The hpRNA may be homologous to a portion of a messenger RNA encoding the 5′ UTR, or the 3′ UTR sequences for a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The sequences that are complementary to a messenger RNA are called “driver sequences.”

In an embodiment, a first isolated nucleic acid may encode a product that may be an RNAi construct. The RNAi construct may be designed to implement any RNAi strategy, including but not limited to those illustrated in FIG. 1A-G. An RNAi construct may include a first isolated nucleic acid having a sequence complementary to a portion of a gene in the genetically engineered plant encoding a target protein involved in mobilization of vegetative starch. The first isolated nucleic acid may be a first driver sequence. The first isolated nucleic acid may have at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity along the length of the isolated nucleic acid to a portion of a gene in the genetically engineered plant encoding a target protein involved in mobilization of vegetative starch. The length of the first nucleic acid may be any suitable length to provide an RNAi affect. The RNAi construct may include an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid. The inverted complement may be a second driver sequence.

The first isolated nucleic acid may include a portion having at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to a sequence of the target gene. Identity may be measured along the entire length of the sequence of the target gene. The target gene may be selected from the one or more gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of vegetative starch in a plant. The target gene may be any gene involved in mobilization of vegetative starch in a plant. There may be more than one target gene. The length of the portion of the first isolated nucleic acid may be equal to the length of the target gene. The length of the portion may be but is not limited to being 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, 450, 455, 460, 465, 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495, 500, 505, 510, 515, 520, 525, 530, 535, 540, 545, 550, 555, 560, 565, 570, 575, 580, 585, 590, 595, 600, 605, 610, 615, 620, 625, 630, 635, 640, 645, 650, 655, 660, 665, 670, 675, 680, 685, 690, 695, or 700 nucleotides in length, or any length within a range between any two of the foregoing lengths.

In an embodiment, a first isolated nucleic acid may encode the product that may be an miRNA capable of targeting a messenger RNA transcribed from the target gene. The first isolated nucleic acid may be 18 to 25 nucleotides in length. The first isolated nucleic acid may be 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, or 300 nucleotides in length, or any length within a range between any two of the foregoing lengths.

In an embodiment, a first isolated nucleic acid may encode a product that may be a restricting enzyme capable of cutting a sequence of the target gene. The restricting enzyme may be but is not limited to a meganuclease, a zinc-finger nuclease, or a TAL effector nuclease. The meganuaclease may be I-CreI, I-DmoI, I-SceI, E-Dmel or DmoCre. Other known meganucleases may be used.

The genetic construct may include a first isolated nucleic acid encoding a product that has any suitable sequence to affect expression of a gene coding for a target protein. The sequence may be suitable to affect RNAi of a gene coding for a target protein. The first isolated nucleic acid may include a sequence with at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 38 [OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 39 [OsGWD osa-MR809aM1 micro RNA], SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44[OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46[SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs]. Identity may be measured along the entire length of the reference sequence. The length of the first isolated nucleic acid may be equal to the length of the reference sequence.

The RNAi construct may include a first isolated nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 38 [OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 39 [OsGWD osa-MR809aM1 micro RNA], SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44[OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46[SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs], or the complement thereof under conditions of one of low, moderate or high stringency.

The RNAi construct may include the sequence of an inverted complement capable of hybridizing with the sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under in situ conditions in the genetically engineered plant. The RNAi construct may include the sequence of the inverted complement capable of hybridizing with the sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under conditions of one of low, moderate or high stringency.

The RNAi construct may include an inverted complement having at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to the inverted complement of a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44[OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46[SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs]. Identity may be measured along the length of the inverted complement of the reference sequence. The length of the inverted complement may be equal to the length of the inverted complement of the reference sequence.

The spacer may be any sequence. The spacer may be an intron. The intron may be any intron. The intron may be the OsUbi intron. The sequence of the OsUbi intron may be found in the sequence of pAL409 having SEQ ID NO: 185 with reference to FIG. 2 which illustrates pAL409 with the OsUbi intron between positions 4519-566. Nucleotide numbering in SEQ ID NO: 185 may vary from that labeled in FIG. 2 but comparison of landmark sequences (e.g., restriction sites) between FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO: 185 allows identification of any specific sequence of a pAL409 feature. The sequence the OsUbi intron within the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185 may be identified based on the restriction sites for restriction enzymes BspE1 and AgeI. The sequence of the OsUbi intron may be located within the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185 between the sequences CCTAGG, the restriction site for BspE1, and ACCGGT, the restriction site for AgeI. The intron may have a sequence that has at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to the OsUbi intron. The intron may have a sequence having at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 51 [ZmAdh1i6], SEQ ID NO; 52 [OsAdh1i], SEQ ID NO: 53 [SbAdh1-2i], and SEQ ID NO: 54[SbGWDi]. The intron may have a sequence that hybridizes to the OsUbi intron, or a complement thereof under conditions of one of low, moderate, or high stringency. The intron may have a sequence that hybridizes to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 51 [ZmAdh1i6], SEQ ID NO; 52 [OsAdh1i], SEQ ID NO: 53 [SbAdh1-2i], and SEQ ID NO: 54[SbGWDi], or the complement thereof under conditions of one of low, moderate or high stringency.

A protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant may be a target protein. The target protein may be any protein involved with regulation of Green Starch. For example, the target protein may be one of Glucan Water Dikinase, Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase, Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase, β-amylase, isoamylase, limit dextrinase, disproportionating enzyme, or a debranching enzyme. The target gene may encode the target protein. The target gene may be selected from the one or more genes encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The target gene encoding the target protein may have a sequence with at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 5 [SbGWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 6 [ZmGWD coding se], SEQ ID NO: 7 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 8 [SbGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 9 [ZMGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 10 [SbGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID 11 [ZmGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 12 [SbGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 13 [ZmGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 17 [SbPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 18 [ZmPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 19 [OsPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 20 [SbPWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 21 [ZmPWD gene]. SEQ ID NO: 22 [SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 23 [SbPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 24 [ZmPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 29 [ZmDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 30 [SbDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 31 [OsDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 32 [ZmDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 33 [SbDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 34 [ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 35 [SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 36 [ZmDSP 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 37 [SbDSP gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 173 [OsGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 174 [DSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 175 [ISA3 gene], SEQ ID NO: 176 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 177 [DSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 178 [ISA3 coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 182 [portion of SlGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 191 [SbGWD gene-1], SEQ ID NO: 192 [SbGDW gene-2], SEQ ID NO: 206 [PvGWD-2], SEQ ID NO: 207 [PvGWD-5], SEQ ID NO: 208 [PvGWD-1], and SEQ ID NO: 215 [switcgrass amalgamated sequence]. Identity may be measured along the entire length of the reference sequence. The length of the sequence of the target gene may be equal to the length of the reference sequence.

The target gene encoding the target protein may have a sequence that hybridizes to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 5 [SbGWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 6 [ZmGWD coding se], SEQ ID NO: 7 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 8 [SbGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 9 [ZMGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 10 [SbGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID 11 [ZmGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 12 [SbGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 13 [ZmGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 17 [SbPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 18 [ZmPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 19 [OsPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 20 [SbPWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 21 [ZmPWD gene]. SEQ ID NO: 22 [SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 23 [SbPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 24 [ZmPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 29 [ZmDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 30 [SbDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 31 [OsDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 32 [ZmDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 33 [SbDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 34 [ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 35 [SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 36 [ZmDSP 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 37 [SbDSP gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 173 [OsGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 174 [DSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 175 [ISA3 gene], SEQ ID NO: 176 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 177 [DSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 178 [ISA3 coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 182 [portion of SlGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 191 [SbGWD gene-1], SEQ ID NO: 192 [SbGDW gene-2], SEQ ID NO: 206 [PvGWD-2], SEQ ID NO: 207 [PvGWD-5], SEQ ID NO: 208 [PvGWD-1], and SEQ ID NO: 215 [switcgrass amalgamated sequence], or the complement thereof under conditions of one of low, moderate or high stringency.

In an embodiment, the genetic construct may include the first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of one or more genes encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and the second isolated nucleic acid that encodes one or more polysaccharide degrading enzymes. A transgenic plant may include more than one kind of genetic construct. Each different kind of genetic construct may be directed to inhibiting a different gene expressing a different target protein and expressing a different polysaccharide degrading enzyme. One genetic construct may include the first isolated nucleic acid. Another genetic construct may include the second isolated nucleic acid. The target gene may be selected from one or more gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant. The at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme may be but is not limited to a xylanase, an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase, an amylase, an intein-modified xylanase, an intein-modified endoglucanase, an intein-modified exoglucanase, and an intein-modified amylase.

In an embodiment, the second nucleic acid may have at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 86 [O43097], SEQ ID NO: 87 [BD22308], SEQ ID NO: 88 [BD25243], SEQ ID NO: 89 [EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 90 [NtEGm], SEQ ID NO: 91 [P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 92 [P77853], SEQ ID NO: 93 [O68438], SEQ ID NO: 94 [O33897], SEQ ID NO:164 [amylase 19862], SEQ ID NO: 165 [glucoamylase 20082], SEQ ID NO: 166 [glucoamylase 20707], SEQ ID NO: 167 [amylase 21853], SEQ ID NO: 168 [AmyS], SEQ ID NO: 170 [GlaA], SEQ ID NO: 104 [EU591743:AS146-7], SEQ ID NO: 105 [P77853:S158-30-108-35], and SEQ ID NO: 106 [P77853:T134-101-100]. Identity may be measured along the entire length of the reference sequence. The length of the sequence of the second nucleic acid may be equal to the length of the reference sequence.

In an embodiment, the second isolated nucleic acid may encode a “variant” of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The amino acid sequence of a variant of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme may differ by deletions, additions, substitutions of amino acid sequences, or other modifications of the polysaccharide degrading enzyme. A variant of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme may maintain the biological activity of the polysaccharide degrading enzyme. To maintain biological activity as used herein means that the variant has at least 60% of the activity of the polysaccharide degrading enzyme from which it is derived Activity of a xylanase and an a endoglucanase may be assessed in an assay using Xylazyme AX substrate and Cellazyme substrate, respectively, as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/886,393 filed Jul. 7, 2004 and PCT/US10/55746 filed Nov. 5, 2010, and PCT/US10/55669 filed Nov. 5, 2010 and PCT/US10/55751 filed Nov. 5, 2010, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. Activity of a exoglucanase may be assessed by using fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferyl-b-D-lactopyranoside (4-MU) as described in Harrison M D et al. 2011 “Accumulation of recombinant cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase in the leaves of mature transgenic sugar cane,” Plant Biotechnology Journal 9: 884-896 and incorporated here by reference as if fully set forth. Activity of a feruloyl esterase may be assessed using an assay using pNP labeled ferulate as a substrate (as described in Hegde S. et al. 2009 “Single-step synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl ferulate for spectrophotometric assay of feruloyl esterases,” Analytical Biochemistry 387(1): 128-129). The foregoing tests for activity of a xylanase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, or feruloyl esterase may be utilized to determine whether a sequence with less than 100% identity to a polysaccharide degrading enzyme sequence herein is a variant of the polysaccharide degrading enzyme. Variants of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme herein may be modified in amino acid sequence versus the polysaccharide degrading enzyme based on similarity in hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, solubility, polarity of amino acid residues. Variants of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme herein may differ following post-translational modifications. The differing post-translational modification may be but are not limited to glycosylations, acetylations, or phosphorylations. A variant may be developed by any means. A variant may be developed through site-directed mutagenesis or non-targeted mutagenesis. Error-prone PCR may be used to create mutants of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme herein, and any of the assays above may be used to assess whether the mutant is a variant.

Embodiments include at least one of the polysaccharide degrading enzymes, or variants thereof, fused to variants of at least one of a targeting peptide, or a carboxy targeting peptide. Variants of a targeting peptide or a carboxy targeting peptide will target the protein it is fused with to the same location as the reference sequence for the targeting peptide or carboxy targeting peptide.

Variants of an intein may be provided in a sequence of the polysaccharide degrading enzyme. An intein variant may splice from the protein in which it is fused.

In an embodiment, a genetic construct may include a sequence with at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 59 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 60 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1], SEQ ID NO: 61 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 62 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 63 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:64 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 65 [OsUbi3P: OsPWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 66 [OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 67 [OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 68 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 69 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 70 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 71 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 72 [OsDSP1 and OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 73 [OsPWD2 and OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 74 [OsDSP2 and OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 119 [ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD], SEQ ID NO: 120 [ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 121 [OsUbi3P:EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 122 [ZmUbi1P:EU591743: AS146-7:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 123 [ZmUbilp:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 124 [ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 125 [OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 126 [OsUbi3P:BAASS: O33897], SEQ ID NO: 127 [ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 128 [OsUbi3P:O68438], SEQ ID NO: 129 [OsUbi3P:P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 130 [ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35], SEQ ID NO: 131 [ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100-101:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 132 [2379 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 133 [2380 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 134 [4106 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 135 [4107 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 136 [4108 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 137 [4109 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 138 [4110 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:139 [4111 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 140 [4112 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 141 [4113 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 142 [4114 cassette 3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 143 [4115 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 144 [4116 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 145 [4117 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 146 [4120 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 147 [4121 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 148 [4124 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 149 [4125 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:150 [4514 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], and SEQ ID NO: 151 [4515 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA]. Identity may be measured along the entire length of the reference sequence. The length of the sequence may be equal to the length of the reference sequence.

The genetic construct may further include a regulatory sequence (also referred to as a regulatory element) operably connected to a first isolated nucleic acid or a second isolated nucleic acid. In this context, operably connected means that the regulatory sequence imparts it function to the nucleic acid or the polynucleotide sequence. In the case of a regulatory sequence that is a promoter, the promoter is capable of controlling expression of the nucleic acid or the polynucleotide sequence when they are operably connected. The promoter may be operably linked to the first isolated nucleic acid. The promoter may be operably linked to the second isolated nucleic acid. The operably linked promoter may be any kind of promoter. The operably linked promoter may be an inducible promoter. The operably linked promoter may be a constitutive promoter. The promoter may be an inducible promoter, which initiates transcription of the polynucleotide sequences only when exposed to a particular chemical or environmental stimulus. Examples of inducible promoters include but are not limited to those that are an alcohol inducible promoter, a tetracycline inducible promoter, a steroid inducible promoter, or a hormone inducible promoter. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter, which provides transcription of the nucleic acids or polynucleotide sequences throughout the plant in most cells, tissues and organs and during many but not necessarily all stages of development. The promoter may be specific to a particular developmental stage, organ, or tissue. A tissue specific promoter may be capable of initiating transcription in a particular plant tissue. Plant tissue that may be targeted by a tissue specific promoter may be but is not limited to a stem, leaves, trichomes, anthers, or seed. A constitutive promoter herein may be the rice Ubiquitin 3 promoter (OsUbi3P) or maize the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter (ZmPepCP). Other known constitutive promoters may be used, and include but are not limited to Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CAMV) 35S promoter, the Cestrum Yellow Leaf Curling Virus promoter (CMP) or the CMP short version (CMPS), the Rubisco small subunit promoter, the rice acting promoter (OsAct1P) and the maize ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi1P). The tissue specific promoter may include the seed-specific promoter. The seed specific promoter may be but is not limited to the rice GluB4 promoter or the maize zein promoter. The promoter may be the P-OsUbi promoter. The sequence of the P-OsUbi promoter may be found in the sequence of pAL409 having SEQ ID NO: 185 with reference to FIG. 2, which illustrates pAL409 with the P-OsUbi promoter between positions 3574-4507. Nucleotide numbering in SEQ ID NO: 185 may vary from that labeled in FIG. 2 but comparison of landmark sequences (e.g., restriction sites) between FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO: 185 allows identification of any specific sequence of a pAL409 feature. The sequence of the P-OsUbi promoter may be identified based on the restruction sites for restriction enzymes PacI and AvrII. The sequence of the P-OsUbi promoter may be located between sequences TTAATTAA, the restriction site for Pad, and CCTAGG, the restriction site for AvrII. The promoter may include a sequence with at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to the P-OsUbi promoter. The promoter may include a sequence that hybridizes to the P-OsUbi promoter or the complement thereof under conditions of low stringency. The promoter may include a sequence that hybridizes to the P-OsUbi promoter or the complement thereof under conditions of moderate stringency. The promoter may include a sequence that hybridizes to the P-OsUbi promoter or the complement thereof under conditions of high stringency.

In the case of a regulatory element that is a terminator, the terminator is capable of terminating transcription of the nucleic acid or the polynucleotide sequence. A terminator sequence may be included at the 3′ end of a transcriptional unit of the expression cassette. The terminator may be derived from a variety of plant genes. The terminator may be a terminator sequence from the nopaline synthase (NOS) or octopine synthase (OCS) genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The terminator sequence may be the CaMV 35S terminator from CaMV, or any of the 3′UTR sequences shown to terminate the transgene transcription in plants. For example, the maize PepC terminator (3′UTR) can be used.

In an embodiment, a first isolated nucleic acid or the second isolated nucleic acid may further include a targeting polynucleotide sequence encoding a targeting peptide. A targeting peptide may be fused to one or more polysaccharide degrading enzymes. When a second isolated nucleic acid encodes more than one polysaccharide degrading enzyme, a targeting peptide may be independently selected for each of the polysaccharide degrading enzymes. A targeting peptide may be selected from but is not limited to an amyloplast targeting signal, a cell wall targeting peptide, a mitochondrial targeting peptide, a cytosol localization signal, a chloroplast targeting signal, a nuclear targeting peptide, and a vacuole targeting peptide. A targeting polynucleotide may be upstream of the first isolated nucleic acid or the second isolated nucleic acid. A targeting peptide may have at least 70, 72, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identity to one of BAASS (SEQ ID NO: 107), SEKDEL signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 108), xHvVSD targeting signal (SEQ ID NO: 109), the ZmUBQm translational fusion (SEQ ID NO: 110), the xGZein27ss (SEQ ID NO: 111), or the HvAle signal (SEQ ID NO: 112).

In an embodiment, a genetic construct may be inserted in a vector appropriate for genetically engineering a plant. Vectors incorporating a genetic construct herein may also include additional genetic elements such as multiple cloning sites to facilitate molecular cloning and selection markers to facilitate selection. A selectable marker that may be included in a vector may be a phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene from Escherichia coli, which confers to the transformed cell the ability to utilize mannose for growth. Selectable markers that may be included in a vector include but are not limited to a neomycin phosphotransferase (npt) gene, conferring resistance to kanamycin, a hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene, conferring resistance to hygromycin, and an enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene, conferring resistance to glyphosate.

An embodiment includes a vector having any genetic construct herein. The vector may be an intermediate vector. The vector may be a transformation vector. The genetic construct in the vector may have a any isolated nucleic acid or polynucleotide described herein.

A vector herein may be configured for expression in a host having the gene targeted by the genetic construct. The genetic construct may be an RNAi construct. Upon expression, an RNA sequence transcribed from the first isolated nucleic acid and an RNA sequence transcribed from the inverted complement may be capable of hybridizing with each other and causing inhibition of expression of the gene in the host.

A vector herein may have a sequence comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a sequence having at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 187 [pAG2100], SEQ ID NO: 188 [pAG2101], SEQ ID NO: 189 [pAG2102], SEQ ID NO: 190 [pAG2103], SEQ ID NO: 195 [pAG2106] and SEQ ID NO: 218 [pAL409jSbGWDko2].

A vector herein may have a sequence comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of a sequence having at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 185 [pAL409] and SEQ ID NO: 186 [pAG2004].

An embodiment provides a method of making a genetically engineered plant. A genetically engineered plant may be constructed by any method of genetic engineering. A genetically engineered plant may be a transgenic plant. A transgenic plant may be transformed by any known method of transformation. Agrobacterium mediated transformation may be utilized. The transgenic plant may be created by other methods for transforming a plant, for example, particle bombardment or direct DNA uptake. The plant may be any kind of plant. The plant may be an energy crop plant, a food crop plant or a forage crop plant. The plant may be a rice plant, a switchgrass plant, a sorghum plant, a corn plant or a tomato plant. The transformation may be done with any suitable vector including or consisting of any one or more genetic construct herein. The transgenic plant may be created by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a vector that includes a first nucleic acid encoding a product that inactivates or inhibits one or more gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme. Agrobacterium mediated transformation may utilize any suitable transformation vector harboring any one or more RNAi construct herein. Agrobacterium mediated transformation may be done with a vector having a sequence with at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 187 [pAG2100], SEQ ID NO: 188 [pAG2101], SEQ ID NO: 189 [pAG2102], SEQ ID NO: 190 [pAG2103], SEQ ID NO: 195 [pAG2106] and SEQ ID NO: 218 [pAL409jSbGWDko2]. The transgenic plant may include any isolated nucleic acid, amino acid sequence, genetic construct, or vector described herein.

The mutant plant may be created by mutagenizing plant seeds; e.g., by chemical mutagenesis (EMS) or radiation, and selecting the mutants by PCR amplification and sequencing the mutant PCR product. The mutant plant may be created by using mutagenesis and screening strategies such as Targeted Induced Local Lesions In Genomics (TILLING; Sikora et al. 2011), T-DNA insertion and transposon-based mutagenesis (An et al. 2005), genome editing strategies involving nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (Wrigyt et al. 2005), TAL effector nucleases (Christian et al. 2010), or intein-derived meganucleases (Wehrkamp-Richter et al. 2009). The references cited are incorporated herein as if fully set forth.

In an embodiment, the genetically engineered plant may include any isolated nucleic acid sequence, amino acid sequence, one or more genetic construct, or one or more vectors described herein.

An embodiment includes a method of altering vegetative starch levels in a plant. The method may include expressing an isolated nucleic acid in the plant. Expression of the isolated nucleic acid in the plant may alter the activity of at least one enzyme related to starch metabolism in the plant. The plant may be any genetically engineered plant herein. The genetically engineered plant may include any one or more genetic construct described herein.

Any genetically engineered plant herein may be provided in a method of agricultural processing or animal feed applications. The genetically engineered plant may include any one or more genetic construct described herein. A first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the genetically engineered plant may be expressed at any point in the method. The first isolated nucleic acid and the second isolated nucleic acid may be expressed prior to the step of processing the plant. The first isolated sequence and the second isolated sequence may be expressed during the step of processing the plant. The expression may be induced. Upon the expression of the first and the second nucleic acids, the genetically engineered plant may have an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of starch in a non-genetically engineered plant of the same genetic background but lacking the one or more genetic construct.

A step of providing the genetically engineered plant may include obtaining it from another party that produced it. A step of providing may include making the transgenic plant. A step of providing may include making the mutant plant. The step of providing may include genetically engineering the plant by contacting the plant with any one of the genetic constructs herein. The step of providing may include stable transformation of the plant by any of the methods described herein, or known methods. The step of providing may include genetically engineering the plant by cleaving a gene encoding a protein involved in starch metabolism at a cleavage site recognized by a restricting enzyme transiently expressed in the plant after contacting the plant with a genetic construct comprising a first nucleic acid encoding the restricting enzyme. The step of providing may also include regenerating the genetically engineered plant from a tissue of the transgenic or mutant plant having an altered level of vegetative starch. The step of providing may include obtaining a progeny of genetically engineered plant resulted from self-pollination or cross-pollination between the genetically engineered plant and non-genetically engineered plant. The genetically engineered plant may be used in a variety of subsequent methods or uses. The step of providing may include procuring the genetically engineered plant. The step of providing may include making the genetically engineered plant available for further processing steps.

The genetically engineered plant may be provided in a method of agricultural processing as a feedstock engineered with elevated levels of starch and/or expressing one or more polysaccharide degrading enzyme. The feedstock may include any genetically engineered plant herein alone or in combination with other components. The other components may include other plant material. Agricultural processing is the manipulation or conversion of any agricultural feedstock for a particular product or use. Agriculatural processing may include drying the genetically engineered plant. Agriculatural processing may include fermenting the genetically engineered plant. Agriculatural processing may include hydrolyzing the genetically engineered plant by one or more an exogenous enzymes to obtain a biochemical product.

The genetically engineered plant may be provided in a method of preparing animal feed. Preparing animal feed may include combining the genetically engineered plant with distillers grains. Preparing animal feed may include pelletizing the genetically engineered plant into feed pellets. Preparing animal feed may include ensiling the genetically engineered plant to make silage.

Preparing animal feed may include combing the genetically engineered plant with a source of edible fiber.

Agricultural processing or preparing animal feed may also include at least one of the operations of harvesting, baling, grinding, milling, chopping, size reducing, crushing, extracting a component from the feedstock, purifying a component or portion of the feedstock, extracting or purifying starch, hydrolyzing polysaccharides into oligosaccharides or monosaccharides, chemical conversion, or chemical catalysis of the feedstock.

In an embodiment of the method of agriculatural processing, the genetically engineered plant may be used for producing a chemical product. The method may include pretreating a genetically engineered plant with a chemical formulation to form a mixture. The chemical formulation may include one or more moiety including but not limited to an ion of sulfite, bisulfite, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide or oxide. The chemical formulation may further include one or more counter ion including but not limited to ammonium, sodium, magnesium or calcium.

In an embodiment, the chemical formulation may include but is not limited to one compound selected from a sulfuric acid, a base, ammonium bisulfite and ammonium carbonate. The ammonium bisulfite may be at a concentration of 0.02 M to 0.35 M. The ammonium carbonate may be at a concentration of 0.025 M to 0.25 M. The sulfuric acid may be at concentration of 0.25 M. The base may be 7.5% ammonium hydroxide.

In an embodiment, the chemical formulation and the genetically engineered plant may be admixed with other plant material at an optimal liquid-to-solid ratio in a mixture. The mixture may have a liquid to solid ratio selected from the value of less than or equal to one of 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, or any value in a range between any two of the foregoing (endpoints inclusive).

Pretreating may include incubating the mixture for any period of time. Pretreating may include incubating the mixture for up to 16 hours. Incubating may occur for longer or shorter periods may be performed. Pretreating may include incubating the mixture for a period of less or equal to one of 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 hour(s).

Pretreating may include providing a mixture temperature of 40° C. to 150° C. A mixture temperature of 40° C. to 95° C. may allow breakage or removal of portions of lignin within the lignocellulosic material in the mixture without deactivating hydrolytic enzymes. Pretreating may include providing a mixture temperature of 40° C., 55° C., 65° C., 75° C., 95° C., 150° C., less than 55° C., less than 65° C., less than 75° C., less than 95° C., less than 150° C., 40° C. to 55° C., 40° C. to 65° C., 40° C. to 75° C., 40° C. to 95° C., 40° C. to less than 150° C., 55° C. to 65° C., 55° C. to 75° C., 55° C. to 95° C., 55° C. to less than 150° C., 65° C. to 75° C., 65° C. to 95° C., 65° C. to less than 150° C., 75° C. to 95° C., 75° C. to less than 150° C., or 95° C. to less than 150° C.

Pretreating may include providing a mixture pH ranging from 1.0 to 12.0. Pretreating may include providing a mixture pH within a range of 6.5 to 8.5. The mixture pH provided may be 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 9.0, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5 or 12.0, or a pH within a range between any two of the foregoing pH values (endpoints inclusive). The pH of the mixture during pretreating may depend on the type of chemical used and/or type of plant material used. Providing a mixture pH may include adding a pH modifying chemical. A pH modifying chemical may be an acid or an alkali.

In an embodiment, the method of agricultural processing may further include hydrolyzing the mixture. Hydrolyzing may include incubating the mixture for a period 144 hours, 140 hours, 130 hours, 120 hours, 110 hours, 100 hours, 90 hours, 80 hours, 70 hours, 60 hours, 50 hours, 40 hours, 30 hours, 20 hours, 10 hours, 9 hours, 8 hours, 7 hours, 6 hours, 5 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, less than 144 hours, less than 140 hours, less than 130 hours, less than 120 hours, less than 110 hours, less than 100 hours, less than 90 hours, less than 80 hours, less than 70 hours, less than 60 hours, less than 50 hours, less than 40 hours, less than 30 hours, less than 20 hours, less than 10 hours, less than 9 hours, less than 8 hours, less than 7 hours, less than 6 hours, less than 5 hours, less than 4 hours, less than 3 hours, less than 2 hours, or less than 1 hour.

In an embodiment, the step of hydrolyzing may include providing a mixture temperature of 100° C. or less, 65° C. or less, 50° C. or less, 48° C. to 50° C., 48° C. to 65° C., 48° C. to less that 100° C., or 48° C. to 100° C. The step of hydrolyzing may include providing a pH ranging from 4.8 to 5.0, a pH of 4.8, a pH of 4.9, or a pH of 5.0. At least one of the temperature, pH, or time of treatment, may be selected based on the specific activity of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the genetically engineered plant.

If the genetically engineered plant includes multiple polysaccharide degrading enzymes, the step of hydrolyzing may sequentially provide conditions optimal for at least one of expression, pretreating, or hydrolysis by each of the multiple polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The step of hydrolyzing may include providing a pH optimal for activity of one enzyme, followed by a different pH optimal for activity of another enzyme. The step of hydrolyzing may include adjusting temperatures at different periods of time for optimal activity of each enzyme. For example, a cellobiohydrolase may require a different temperature or pH than a xylanase.

The method of agricultural processing may include adding one or more exogenous enzymes to at least one of the genetically engineered plant, other plant material, or the mixture. The exogenous enzymes may be added before, during, or after pretreating. The exogenous enzymes may be added before, during, or after the step of hydrolyzing. One or more exogenous enzymes may be provided in an enzyme cocktail. An enzyme cocktail may include one or more polysaccharide degrading enzymes. A polysaccharide degrading enzyme provided in an embodiment herein may be but is not limited to a lignin degrading enzyme, a cellulose degrading enzyme, or a hemicellulose degrading enzyme. A polysaccharide degrading enzyme provided in an embodiment herein may be but is not limited to one selected from glycosidases, xylanases, cellulases, endoglucanases, exoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, β-xylosidases, feruloyl esterases, β-glucosidases, and amylases. An enzyme cocktail may include a cellulase isolated from Trichoderma reesii. An enzyme cocktail may be purchased from a vendor. An enzyme cocktail may be, but is not limited to, Accellerase® 1000, Accellerase® 1500, Accelerase® TRIO™, and Accellerase®XY available from Genencor International (Rochester, N.Y.). An enzyme cocktail may be Cellic, CTEC, HTEC available from Novozymes (Denmark). An enzyme cocktail may include different classes of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. An enzyme cocktail may include starch degrading enzymes. An enzyme cocktail may include an amylase or an invertase. Optimal conditions for different classes of polysaccharide degrading enzymes in a cocktail may be provided. For example, the temperature, pH and time of treatment for hydrolysis may be adjusted during the method to provide optimal conditions for different enzymes in the cocktail.

The method of agricultural processing may further include contacting the mixture and/or products of hydrolysis with a fermenting organism to produce a chemical product. After enzymatic hydrolysis, soluble sugars may be recovered and used for production of a chemical product. The chemical product may be glucose. Alternatively, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of soluble sugars into a chemical product may be performed in the method. A chemical product may be but is not limited to butane, butanediol, butadiene, butanol, isobutanol, propane, propanediol, propylene, propanol, isopropanol, methane, methanol, ethanol, phenol, glycerol, ethylene, toluene, ethyl, benzene, styrene, xylene, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, formic acid, carbone dioxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, a vitamin, ethane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, acetic acid, sorbitol, arabinitol, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, furan dicarboxylic acid, aspartic acid, glucaric acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, hydroxybutyrolactone, glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, arabinitol, gluconic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, xylonic acid, furfural, levoglucosan, alanine, proline, lysine, serine, or threonine (See T. Werpy and G. Petersen, Top Value Added Chemicals From Biomass, Volume 1, Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas, August 2004, Report, PNNL & NREL, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth).

The conversion of sugars into a chemical product may be performed by any suitable fermenting organism. The fermenting organism may be selected based on the desired chemical product. The fermenting organism may be yeast. The yeast may be but is not limited to one of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Yarrowia, Spathaspora or Scheffersomyces ssp. The fermenting organism may be a bacterium. A bacterium may be but is not limited to a Zymomonas, Escherichia, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, or Clostridium spp. The fermenting organism may be a wild type organism or a genetically engineered recombinant organism. The fermenting organism may be a collection of organisms isolated from a ruminant animal. The fermenting organism may be an acetogen.

The method of agricultural processing may include simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of soluble sugars to produce ethanol. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to produce ethanol may include providing Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A before, during or after pretreating or providing hydrolysis conditions.

An embodiment provides a method of preparing the genetically engineered plant to be used as an animal feed. The method may include a step of contacting the genetically engineered plant with liquid to form a mixture and incubating the mixture at a temperature of 40° C. to 100° C. for a time sufficient to produce soluble sugars from lignocellulosic material in the mixture. The liquid may be water. A mixture temperature of 40° C. to 95° C. may allow breakage or removal of lignin within the lignocellulosic material in the mixture without deactivating one or more CWDEs included in the genetically engineered plant.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may further include contacting the mixture with an alkaline chemical. The alkaline chemical may be but is not limited to calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The step of contacting may occur in a vessel and may include rotating and mechanical grinding the mixture in the vessel.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may further include adding to the mixture one or more enzymes for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material. The added enzymes may be but are not limited to one selected from amylases, proteases, phytases, hydrolytic enzymes, cellulases, glucanases, hemicellulases, xylanases, amylases, esterases, laccases, mannanases, and peroxidases.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may include combining the mixture with a source of edible fiber. The source of edible fiber may be but is not limited to corn, sorghum, wheat, rye, soybeans, switchgrass, grasses, corn grain, sorghum grain, wheat grain, wheat straw, rye grain, corn fiber, corn stove, corn husks, soybean meal, corn meal, corn oil, wheat germ, corn germ, or combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may include combining the mixture with distillers grains. Distillers grains may be created in distilleries as byproducts in breweries and ethanol producing plants. Distillers grains may be used as fodder for livestock.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may include pelletizing the genetically engineered plants into feed pellets. The pelletizing may be performed by any known methods. In an embodiment, the genetically engineered plants may be shredded in traditional shredders used in pellet manufacturing. The shredded material may be further ground to produce particles ranging in size from 0.5 inches to 6 inches. The particles may be used for producing pellets.

In an embodiment, the method of preparing the animal feed may include ensiling the genetically engineered plants to make silage. As used herein, silage is fermented, high moisture fodder that can be fed to ruminant animals, in particular to dairy cattle, sheep and horses. Silage may be made by placing green parts of plants in a silo and by piling it in a heap covered by a plastic film. Silage retains more nutrients than dried plants, hay, or stover. Silage goes through a bacterial fermentation process resulted in production of volatile fatty acids and improved digestability for ruminant animals. The method may also include the addition of ensiling agents to improve stability or digestability of the ensiled genetically engineered plant. The ensiling agent may be but is not limited to sugars, lactic acid or inculants.

In an embodiment of the method of preparing the animal feed, the genetically engineered plants may be used to obtain a digestable feedstock. The method may also include feeding an animal with a digestable feedstock comprising the genetically engineered plants to promote animal growth. The animal may be but is not limited to chicken, swine, or cattle.

Further embodiments herein may be formed by supplementing an embodiment with one or more element from any one or more other embodiment herein, and/or substituting one or more element from one embodiment with one or more element from one or more other embodiment herein.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate particular embodiments. The embodiments throughout may be supplemented with one or more detail from one or more example below, and/or one or more element from an embodiment may be substituted with one or more detail from one or more example below.

Example 1 Identifying Target Genes

T-DNA insertion libraries from different organisms may be researched to locate genes in those organisms related to starch regulation. Based on the discovery of such genes, a search may be conducted to find similar genes in a plant of interest. The genes of interest may be used in constructs herein to affect alteration in starch regulation.

A number of other methods have been developed to generate or identify null alleles among genes. Among these are TILLING (Till B J, Cooper J, Tai T H, Colowit P, Greene E A, Henikoff S, Comai L Discovery of chemically induced mutations in rice by TILLING (2007) BMC Plant Biol. 7:19), and gene tagging with Tos17 retrotranspsons or engineered maize (Zea mays) Ac and Ds/dSpm transposons (Krishnan A, Guiderdoni E, An G, Hsing Y I, Han C D, Lee M C, Yu S M, Upadhyaya N, Ramachandran S, Zhang Q, Sundaresan V, Hirochika H, Leung H, Pereira A. 2009. Mutant resources in rice for functional genomics of the grasses. Plant Physiol. 149:165-70 and references therein), which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. These methods may be used to generate or identify null alleles among genes related to starch regulation.

Once genes that encode key enzymes involved in the turnover of transitory starch in example crops were identified, candidate genes in rice, maize, and sorghum that encode enzymes involved in starch turnover were identified by their homology to genes that encode the corresponding enzymes in species that have been better studied. For example, CLUSTAL amino acid alignments between hypothetical glucan water dikinase (GWD) sequences that have been inferred from draft genome sequences from sorghum (SbGWD; SEQ ID NO: 1), maize (ZmGWD; SEQ ID NO: 2) and rice (OsGWD; SEQ ID NO: 3) and the known GWD enzyme sequence from potato (StGWD; SEQ ID NO: 4) show extensive homology among these polypeptides:

CLUSTAL 2.1 multiple sequence alignment SbGWD ----------MTGFSAAASAAAAAERCALAIRARPAASSPAKRQQQSASLRRSGGQRRPT   50 ZmGWD ------------------------------------------------------------ OsGWD -------------------------------------------------------PAATT    5 StGWD MSNSLGNNLLYQGFLTSTVLEHKSRISPPCVGGNSLFQQQVISKSPLSTEFRGNRLKVQK   60 SbGWD TLAASRRSPVVVPRAIATSADRASHDLVGKFTLDSNSELLVAVNPAPQGLVSVIGLEVTN  110 ZmGWD ------------------------------------------------------------ OsGWD TLAVSRRS-LLAPRAIAASTGRASPGLVGRFTLDANSELKVTLNPAPQGSVVEINLEATN   64 StGWD KKIPMEKKRAFSSSPHAVLTTDTSSELAEKFSLGGNIELQVDVRPPTSGDVSFVDFQVTN  120 SbGWD TSGSLILHWGVLRPDKRDWILPSRQPDGTTVYKNRALRTPFVKSGDNSTLRIEIDDPAVQ  170 ZmGWD -------------------------PDGTTVYKNRALRTPFVKSGDNSTLRIEIDDPGVH   35 OsGWD TSGSLILHWGALRPDRGEWLLPSRKPDGTTVYKNRALRTPFIKSGDNSTLKIEIDDPAVQ  124 StGWD GSDKLFLHWGAVKFGKETWSLPNDRPDGTKVYKNKALRTPFVKSGSNSILRLEIRDTAIE  180                                ****.****:******:***.** *::** *..:. SbGWD AIEFLIFGETQNKWFKNNGQNFQIQLQSSRHQGNGASGASSSATSTLVPEDLVQIQAYLR  230 ZmGWD AIEFLIFDETQNKWFKNNGQNFQVQFQSSRHQGTGASGASSSATSTLVPEDLVQIQAYLR  95 OsGWD AIEFLIFDEARNNWYKNNGQNFQIQLQASQYQGQGTSTATS---STVVPEDLVQIQSYLR  181 StGWD AIEFLIYDEAHDKWIKNNGGNFRVKLSRKEIRGP----------DVSVPEELVQIQSYLR  230       ******:.*::::* **** **::::. .. :*           .. ***:*****:*** SbGWD WERKGKQSYTPEQEKEEYEAARAELIEELNRGVSLEKLRAKLTKTPEAPESDERKSPASR  290 ZmGWD WERRGKQSYTPEQEKEEYEAARAELIEEVNRGVSLEKLRAKLTKAPEAPESDESKSSASR  155 OsGWD WERKGKQSYTPEQEKEEYEAARTELIEELNKGVSLEKLRAKLTKTPEATDSNAPASEST-  240 StGWD WERKGKQNYPPEKEKEEYEAARTVLQEEIARGASIQDIRARLTKTNDKSQSKEEPLHVT-  289       ***:***.*.**:*********: * **: :*.*::.:**:***: : .:*.      : SbGWD MPVDKLPEDLVQVQAYIRWEKAGKPNYPPEKQLVELEEARKELQAEVDKGISIDQLRQKI  350 ZmGWD VPIGKLPEDLVQVQAYIRWEQAGKPNYPPEKQLVEFEEARKELQAEVDKGISIDQLRQKI  215 OsGWD -VTTKVPEELVQVQAYIRWEKAGKPNYAPEKQLVEFEEARKELQSELDKGTSVEQLRNKI  299 StGWD --KSDIPDDLAQAQAYIRWEKAGKPNYPPEKQIEELEEARRELQLELEKGITLDELRKTI  347           .:*::*.*.*******:******.****: *:****:*** *::** ::::**:.* SbGWD LKGNIESKVSKQLKNKKYFSVERIQRKKRDIMQLLSKHKHT--VMEEKVEVAPKQPTVLD  408 ZmGWD LKGNIESKVSKQLKNKKYFSVERIQRKKRDITQLLSKHKHT--VMEDKVEVVPKQPTVLD  273 OsGWD LKGNIETKVSKQLKDKKYFSVERIQRKKRDIVQLLKKHKPT--VMEAQVET-PKQPTVLD  356 StGWD TKGEIKTKVEKHLK-RSSFAVERIQRKKRDFGHLINKYTSSPAVQVQKVLEEPPALSKIK  406        **:*::**.*:** :. *:**********: :*:.*:. :  *   :*   *   : :. SbGWD LFTKSLHEKDGCEVLSRKLFKFGDKEILAISTKVQNKTEVHLATNHTEPLILHWSLAKKA  468 ZmGWD LFTKSLHEKDGCEVLSRKLFKFGDKEILAISTKVQNKTEVHLATNHTDPLILHWSLAKNA  333 OsGWD LFTKSLQEQDNCEVLSRKLFKFGDKEILGITTVALGKTKVHLATNYMEPLILHWALSKEN  416 StGWD LYAKEKEEQIDDPILNKKIFKVDDGELLVLVAKSSGKTKVHLATDLNQPITLHWALSKSP  466       *::*. .*: .  :*.:*:**..* *:* : :   .**:*****:  :*: ***:*:*. SbGWD GEWKAPPSNILPSGSKLLDMACETEFTRSELDGLC--YQVVEIELDDGGYKGMPFVLRSG  526 ZmGWD GEWKAPSPNILPSGSTLLDKACETEFTKSELDGLH--YQVVEIELDDGGYKGMPFVLRSG  391 OsGWD GEWQAPPSSILPSGSSLLDKACETSFSEYELNGLH--CQVVEIELDDGGYKRMPFVLRSG  474 StGWD GEWMVPPSSILPPGSIILDKAAETPFSASSSDGLTSKVQSLDIVIEDGNFVGMPFVLLSG  526       *** .*...***.** :** *.** *:  . :**    * ::* ::**.:  ***** ** SbGWD ETWIKNNGSDFFLDFSTRDTRNIK--LKDNGDAGKGTAKALLERIADLEEDAQRSLMHRF  584 ZmGWD ETWIKNNGSDFFLDFSTHDVRNIKAILKDNGDAGKGTSKALLERIADLEEDAQRSLMHRF  451 OsGWD ETWMKNNGSDFYLDFSTKVAKNTK----DTGDAGKGTAKALLERIADLEEDAQRSLMHRF  530 StGWD EKWIKNQGSDFYVGFSAASKLALK-----AAGDGSGTAKSLLDKIADMESEAQKSFMHRF  581       *.*:**:****::.**:      *      .. *.**:*:**::***:*.:**:*:**** SbGWD NIAADLADEARDAGLLGIVGLEVWIRFMATRQLTWNKNYNVKPREISKAQDRFTDDLENM  644 ZmGWD NIAADPADQARDAGLLGIVGLFVWIRFMATRQLTWNKNYNVKPREISKAQDRFTDDLENM  511 OsGWD NIAADLVDQARDNGLLGIIGIFVWIRFMATRQLIWNKNYNVKPREISKAQDRFTDDLENM  590 StGWD NIAADLIEDATSAGELGFAGILVWMRFMATRQLIWNKNYNVKPREISKAQDRLTDLLQNA  641       *****  ::* . * **: *::**:******** ******************:** *:* SbGWD YRTYPQYREILRMIMAAVGRGGEGDVGQRIRDEILVIQRNNDCKGGMMEEWHQKLHNNTS  704 ZmGWD YKTYPQYREILRMIMAAVGRGGEGDVGQRIRDEILVIQRNNDCKGGMMEEWHQKLHNNTS  571 OsGWD YRTYPQYQEILRMIMSAVGRGGEGDVGQRIRDEILVIQRNNDCKGGMMEEWHQKLHNNTS  650 StGWD FTSHPQYREILRMIMSTVGRGGEGDVGQRIRDEILVIQRNNDCKGGMMQEWHQKLHNNTS  701       : ::***:*******::*******************************:*********** SbGWD PDDVVICQALIDYIKNDFDISVYWDTLNKNGITKERLLSYDRAIHSEPNFRSEQKEGLLR  764 ZmGWD PDDVVICQALIDYIKSDFDISVYWDTLNKNGITKERLLSYDRAIHSEPNFRSEQKAGLLR  631 OsGWD PDDVVICQALLDYIKSDFDIGVYWDTLKKDGITKERLLSYDRPIHSEPNFRSEQKDGLLR  710 StGWD PDDVVICQALIDYIKSDFDLGVYWKTLNENGITKERLLSYDRAIHSEPNFRGDQKGGLLR  761       **********:****.***:.***.**:::************.********.:** **** SbGWD DLGNYMRSLKAVHSGADLESAIATCMGYKSEGEGFMVGVQINPVKGLPSGFPELLEFVLD  824 ZmGWD DLGNYMRSLKAVHSGADLESAIASCMGYKSEGEGFMVGVQINPVKGLPSGFPELLEFVLE  691 OsGWD DLGNYMRSLKAVHSGADLESAIATCMGYKSEGEGFMVGVQINPVKGLPSGFPKLLEFVLD  770 StGWD DLGHYMRTLKAVHSGADLESAIANCMGYKTEGEGFMVGVQINPVSGLPSGFQDLLHFVLD  821       ***:***:***************.*****:**************.****** .**.***: SbGWD HVEDKSAEPLLEGLLEARVDLRPLLLDSPERMKDLIFLDIALDSTFRTAIERSYEELNDA  884 ZmGWD HVEDKSAEPLPEGLLEARVELRPLLLDSRERMKDLIFLDIALDSTFRTAIERSYEELNDA  751 OsGWD HVEDKSAEPLLEGLLEARAELHPLLLGSPERMKDLIFLDIALDSTFRTAVERSYEELNNV  830 StGWD HVEDKNVETLLERLLEAREELRPLLLKPNNRLKDLLFLDIALDSTVRTAVERGYEELNNA  881       *****..*.* * ***** :*:**** . :*:***:*********.***:**.*****:. SbGWD APEKIMYFISLVLENLAFSIDDNEDILYCLKGWNQALEMAKQKDDQWALYAKAFLDRIRL  944 ZmGWD APEKIMYFISLVLENLALSIDDNEDILYCLKGWNQALEMAKQKDDQWALYAKAFLDRNRL  811 OsGWD EPEKIMYFISLVLENLALSTDDNEDILYCLKGWNQALEMAKQKNNQWALYAKAFLDRTRL  890 StGWD NPEKIMYFISLVLENLALSVDDNEDLVYCLKGWNQALSMSNGGDNHWALFAKAVLDRTRL  941        ****************:* *****::**********.*::  :::***:***.*** ** SbGWD ALASKGEQYHNMMQPSAEYLGSLLSIDKWAVNIFTEEIIRGGSAATLSALLNRFDPVLRN 1004 ZmGWD ALASKGEQYHNMMQPSAEYLGSLLSIDQWAVNIFTEEIIRGGSAATLSALLNRFDPVLRN  871 OsGWD ALASKGEQYYNLMQPSAEYLGSLLNIDQWAVNIFTEEIIRGGSAATLSALLNRIDPVLRN  950 StGWD ALASKAEWYHHLLQPSAEYLGSILGVDQWALNIFTEEIIRAGSAASLSSLLNRLDPVLRK 1001       *****.* *::::*********:*.:*:**:*********.****:**:****:*****: SbGWD VANLGSWQVISPVEVSGYVVVVDELLAVQNKSYDKPTILVAKSVKGEEEIPDGVVGVITP 1064 ZmGWD VAHLGSWQVISPVEVSGYVVVVDELLAVQNKSYDKPTILVAKSVKGEEEIPDGVVGVITP  931 OsGWD VAQLGSWQVISPVEVSGYIVVVDELLAVQNKSYDKPTILVAKSVKGEEEIPDGVVGVITP 1010 StGWD TANLGSWQIISPVEAVGYVVVVDELLSVQNEIYEKPTILVAKSVKGEEEIPDGAVALITP 1061       .*:*****:*****. **:*******:***: *:*******************.*.:*** SbGWD DMPDVLSHVSVRARNSKVLFATCFDHTTLSELEGYDQKLLSFKPTSADITYREITESELQ 1124 ZmGWD DMPDVLSHVSVRARNSKVLFATCFDHTTLSELEGYDQKLFSFKPTSADITYREITESELQ  991 OsGWD DMPDVLSHVSVRARNCKVLFATCFDPNTLSELQGHDGKVFSFKPTSADITYREIPESELQ 1070 StGWD DMPDVLSHVSVRARNGKVCFATCFDPNILADLQAKEGRILLLKPTPSDIIYSEVNEIELQ 1121       *************** ** ****** . *::*:. : ::: :***.:** * *: * *** SbGWD QSSSPNAEVGHAVPSISLAKKKFLGKYAISAEEFTEEMVGAKSRNIAYLKGKVPSWVGVP 1184 ZmGWD QSSSPNAEVGHAVPSISLAKKKFLGKYAISAEEFSEEMVGAKSRNIAYLKGKVPSWVGVP 1051 OsGWD -SGSLNAEAGQAVPSVSLVKKKFLGKYAISAEEFSEEMVGAKSRNVAYLKGKVPSWVGVP 1129 StGWD --SSSNLVEAETSATLRLVKKQFGGCYAISADEFTSEMVGAKSRNIAYLKGKVPSSVGIP 1179         .* *   ..: .:: *.**:* * *****:**:.*********:********* **:* SbGWD TSVAIPFGTFEKVLSDGLNKEVAQTIEKLKIRLAQEDFSALGEIRKAVLNLTAPMQLVNE 1244 ZmGWD TSVAIPFGTFEKVLSDGLNKEVAQSIEKLKIRLAQEDFSALGEIRKVVLNLTAPMQLVNE 1111 OsGWD TSVAIPFGTFEKVLSDEINKEVAQTIQMLKGKLAQDDFSALGEIRKTVLNLTAPTQLIKE 1189 StGWD TSVALPFGVFEKVLSDDINQGVAKELQILMKKLSEGDFSALGEIRTTVLDLSAPAQLVKE 1239       ****:***.******* :*: **: :: *  :*:: *********..**:*:** **::* SbGWD LKERMLGSGMPWPGDEGNRRWEQAWMAIKKVWASKWNERAYFSTRKVKLNHEYLSMAVLV 1304 ZmGWD LKERMLGSGMPWPGDEGDKRWEQAWMAIKKVWASKWNERAYFSTRKVKLDHEYLSMAVLV 1171 OsGWD LKEKMLGSGMPWPGDEGDQRWEQAWMAIKKVWASKWNERAYFSTRKVKLDHDYLSMAVLV 1249 StGWD LKEKMQGSGMPWPGDEGPKRWEQAWMAIKKVWASKWNERAYFSTRKVKLDHDYLCMAVLV 1299       ***:* *********** :******************************:*:**.***** SbGWD QEVVNADYAFVIHTTNPSSGDSSEIYAEVVKGLGETLVGAYPGRAMSFVCKKDDLDSPKL 1364 ZmGWD QEVVNADYAFVIHTTNPSSGDSSEIYAEVVKGLGETLVGAYPGRAMSFVCKKDDLDSPKL 1231 OsGWD QEIVNADYAFVIHTTNPSSGDSSEIYAEVVKGLGETLVGAYPGRAMSFVCKKNDLDSPKV 1309 StGWD QEIINADYAFVIHTTNPSSGDDSEIYAEVVRGLGETLVGAYPGRALSFICKKKDLNSPQV 1359       **::*****************.********:**************:**:***.**:**:: SbGWD LGYPSKPIGLFIRRSIIFRSDSNGEDLEGYAGAGLYDSVPMDEEDEVVLDYTTDPLIVDR 1424 ZmGWD LGYPSKPIGLFIRQSIIFRSDSNGEDLEGYAGAGLYDSVPMDEEDEVVLDYTTDPLIVDR 1291 OsGWD LGFPSKPIGLFIKRSIIFRSDSNGEDLEGYAGAGLYDSVPMDEEDEVILDYTTDPLITDQ 1369 StGWD LGYPSKPIGLFIKRSIIFRSDSNGEDLEGYAGAGLYDSVPMDEEEKVVIDYSSDPLITDG 1419       **:*********::******************************::*::**::****.* SbGWD GFRNSILSSIARAGHAIEELYGSPQDVEGVVKDGKIYVVQTRPQM 1469 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ZmGWD GFRSSILSSIARAGHAIEELYGSPQDVEGVVKDGKIYVVQTRPQM 1336 (SEQ ID NO: 2) OsGWD GFQKSILSSIARAGHAIEELYGSPQDVEGAVKEGKLYVVQTRPQM 1414 (SEQ ID NO: 3) StGWD NFRQTILSNIARAGHAIEELYGSPQDIEGVVRDGKIYVVQTRPQM 1464 (SEQ ID NO: 4)       .*:.:***.*****************:**.*::**:*********

Based on this homology, it is possible to identify gene sequences (including coding sequences which had been previously unannotated in public databases) that correspond the GWD enzymes from the genomes of the respective species. These sequences include putative GWD cDNA (coding) sequences from sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 5), maize (SEQ ID NO: 6), and rice (SEQ ID NO:7), the corresponding genes from which the GWD mRNAs are transcribed for GWD from sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 8) and maize (SEQ ID NO: 9). Furthermore, from this information, one can also infer the sequences of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and promoters of the respective GWD genes in sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 10) and maize (SEQ ID NO: 11), as well as the 3′ UTRs of the respective GWD genes in sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 12) and maize (SEQ ID NO: 13). The SbGWD gene is located on sorghum chromosome 10 of sorghum and consists of a 12128 bp sequence (ATG to Stop), while the 11693 bp ZmGWD gene is located on chromosome 6 of maize. The overall sequence identity between the two genes is 78.3%, while the inferred cDNA sequences are 95.6% identical. Each gene is composed of 32 exons of identical length interrupted by 31 introns, which differ not considerably in size. The deduced 1471 amino acid (AA) ZmGWD and 1469AA SbGWD proteins share 94.4% sequence identity at the amino acid level. Both proteins are characterized by the presence of the PPDK_N domain (Pyruvate phosphate dikinase, PEP/pyruvate binding) in the 1267-1470AA region of ZmGWD and 1265-1468AA of SbGWD. The other notable characteristic of the two proteins is the presence of a conserved His residue at 1074AA in ZmGWD and at 1072AA in SbGWD, which is required for phosphorylation activity.

Similar strategies can be used to identify gene sequences for other target enzymes in sorghum and maize. CLUSTAL alignment as follows was used to identify candidate PWD target proteins from sorghum (SbPWD; SEQ ID NO: 14) and maize (ZmPWD; SEQ ID NO: 15) based on their similarity to the known PWD protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPWD; SEQ ID NO: 16).

CLUSTAL 2.1 multiple sequence alignment SbPWD MASLRPFDPSLAARPGPPPPARPAARRPVPAPPLAAPFASALIFPVRPRIPGRTRGTGVA   60 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD -------MESIGSHCCSSPFTFITRNSSSSLPRLVN--ITHRVNLSHQSHRLRNSNSRLT   51 SbPWD ASTKHITRTKEEKQTDPSKQDIVRLHVCLDHQVMFGEHVGIIGSAKELGSWKSPVEMDWT  120 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD RTATSSSTIEEQRKKKDGSGTKVRLNVRLDHQVNFGDHVAMFGSAKEIGSWKKKSPLNWS  111 SbPWD PNGWVCQLDLPGETLLEFKFVVFLNRGKDKIWEDGDNRVVNLPKNGSFDMACHWNKTKEP  180 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD ENGWVCELELDGGQVLECKFVIVKNDG-SLSWESGDNRVLKVPNSGNFSVVCHWDATRET  170 SbPWD LNLLGTS-EIKLSGDTEKEKDEDAKLSRNIALEEMGNISNAGDGDLTPKLESSTLGGLWQ  239 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD LDLPQEVGNDDDVGDGGHERDNHDVGDDRVVGSENG-----------AQLQKSTLGGQWQ  219 SbPWD GSDTVFMRSNEHRNNESDRKWDMTGLDAVSLKLVEGDKASRNWWRKLELVRGLVSEYVHD  299 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD GKDASFMRSNDHGNREVGRNWDTSGLEGTALKMVEGDRNSKNWWRKLEMVREVIVGSVER  279 SbPWD QSHLEALTYSAIYLKWIYTGQIPCFEDGGHHRPNKHAEISRQIFREIERIYYGENTSAQD  359 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD EERLKALIYSAIYLKWINTGQIPCFEDGGHHRPNRHAEISRLIFRELEHICSKKDATPEE  339 SbPWD LLVIRKIHPCLPSFKSEFTASVPLTRIRDIAHRNDIPHDLKQEIKHTIQNKLHRNAGPED  419 ZmPWD ------------------------------------------------------------ AtPWD VLVARKIHPCLPSFKAEFTAAVPLTRIRDIAHRNDIPHDLKQEIKHTIQNKLHRNAGPED  399 SbPWD LIATEAMLARITKTPGEYSEAFVEQFKTFYSELKDFFNAGSLLEQVQSIEQSLDESGLEA  479 ZmPWD -----------------------------------------LLEQLESIEQSLNESGLEA   19 AtPWD LIATEAMLQRITETPGKYSGDFVEQFKIFHNELKDFFNAGSLTEQLDSMKISMDDRGLSA  459                                                * **::*:: *::: **.* SbPWD LSSFLKTKKNLDQLEDAKDLDENGGVQVLLKTLLSLSYLRSILMKGLESGLRNDAPDSAI  539 ZmPWD LSSFLKTKKNLDQLEDAKDLDENGGVHVLLKTLLSLSYLRSILMKGLESGLRNDAPDSAI   79 AtPWD LNLFFECKKRLDTSG------ESSNVLELIKTMHSLASLRETIIKELNSGLRNDAPDTAI  513       *. *:: **.**         *...*  *:**: **: **. ::* *:*********:** SbPWD AMRQKWRLCEIGLEDYSFVLLSRYINALEALGGSASLAEGLPT-NTSLWDDALDALVIGI  598 ZmPWD AMRQKWRLCEIGLEDYSFVLLSRYINALEALGGSASLAEGLPT-NTSLWDDALDALIIGI  138 AtPWD AMRQKWRLCEIGLEDYFFVLLSRFLNALETMGGADQLAKDVGSRNVASWNDPLDALVLGV  573       **************** ******::****::**: .**:.: : *.: *:*.****::*: SbPWD NQVSFSGWKPNECTAIVNELLSWKQKGLSEFEGSEDGKYIWALRLKATLDRSRALTEEYS  658 ZmPWD NQVCFSGWKPNECSAIVNELLSWKQKGLSEFEGNEDGKYIWALRLKATLDRTGRLTEEYS  198 AtPWD HQVGLSGWKQEECLAIGNELLAWRERDLLEKEGEEDGKTIWAMRLKATLDRARRLTAEYS  633       :** :**** :** ** ****:*:::.* * **.**** ***:********: *** *** SbPWD EALLSIFPEKVKVLGKALGIPENSVRTYTEAEIRAGVIFQVSKLCTVLLKATRAVLGSSV  718 ZmPWD EALLSIFPEKVKVLGKALGIPENSVRTYTEAEIRASVIFQVSKLCTVLLKATRAVLGSSV  258 AtPWD DLLLQIFPPNVEILGKALGIPENSVKTYTEAEIRAGIIFQISKLCTVLLKAVRNSLGSEG  693       : **.*** :*::************:*********.:***:**********.*  ***. SbPWD WDVLVPGVAHGALIQVERIAPGSLPSSIKEPVVLVVNKADGDEEVKAAGDNIVGVILLQE  778 ZmPWD WDVLVPGVAHGALIQVERIAPGSLPSSMKEPVVLVVNKADGDEEVKAAGDNIVGVVLLQE  318 AtPWD WDVVVPGSTSGTLVQVESIVPGSLPATSGGPIILLVNKADGDEEVSAANGNIAGVMLLQE  753       ***:*** : *:*:*** *.*****::   *::*:**********.**..**.**:**** SbPWD LPHLSHLGVRARQEKVVFVTCEDDDTIKNTRLLEGKYVRLGASSNNVDLSVVSNKDECAA  838 ZmPWD LPHLSHLGVRARQEKVVFVTCEDDDTIKNMRLLEGKHVRLGASSNNVDLSVVSNKDDCAA  378 AtPWD LPHLSHLGVRARQEKIVFVTCDDDDKVADIRRLVGKFVRLEASPSHVNLILST---EGRS  810       ***************:*****:***.: : * * **.*** **..:*:* : :   :  : SbPWD MSSELSSGGNLFAQQFSLPLTTDKKLELSEQRS-----------YTSGANIMSGVLELSE  887 ZmPWD MSSEPSAGGDLFAQQFSL-LTTDKKLELSEQKS-----------YTSVANGMSGVLELSE  426 AtPWD RTSKSSATKKTDKNSLSKKKTDKKSLSIDDEESKPGSSSSNSLLYSSKDIPSGGIIALAD  870        :*: *:  .   :.:*   * .*.*.:.::.*           *:*     .*:: *:: SbPWD ASIESSGAKAAACGTLSVLSSVSNKVYNDQGTPAAFRVPAGAVIPFGSMEDAFKKSGSLK  947 ZmPWD ASIESSGAKAAACGTLSVLSSMSNKVYNDQGTPAAFRVPAGAVIPFGSMEDALKKSGSLK  486 AtPWD ADVPTSGSKSAACGLLASLAEASSKVHSEHGVPASFKVPTGVVIPFGSMELALKQNNSEE  930       *.: :**:*:**** *: *:. *.**:.::*.**:*:**:*.******** *:*:..* : SbPWD SYTNLLERIETAQIENGELDSLSAELQATVSLLSPSEEIIESLKRIFDQNVRLIVRSTAN 1007 ZmPWD SYTNLLERIETAQIENGELDSLSSKLQATVSLLSPSEEIIESLKKTFDQNVRLIVRSTAN  546 AtPWD KFASLLEKLETARPEGGELDDICDQIHEVMKTLQVPKETINSISKAFLKDARLIVRSSAN  990       .::.***::***: *.****.:. ::: .:. *. .:* *:*:.: * ::.******:** SbPWD VEDLAGMSAAGLYESIPNVSLSDPSSFCAAVGQVWASLYTRRAILSRRAAGVPQRDAKMA 1067 ZmPWD VEDLAGMSAAGLYESIPNVSLSDPRSFGAAVGQVWASLYTRRAILSRRAAGVPQRDAKMA  606 AtPWD VEDLAGMSAAGLYESIPNVSPSDPLVFSDSVCQVWASLYTRRAVLSRRAAGVSQREASMA 1050       ******************** ***  *  :* ***********:********.**:*.** SbPWD VLVQEMLQPDLSFVLHTVSPVDHDPKLVEAEVAPGLGETLASGTRGTPWRLSCHKFDGKV 1127 ZmPWD VLVQEMLQPDLSFVLHTISPVDHDPKLVEAEVAPGLGETLASGTRGTPWRLSCHKLDGKV  666 AtPWD VLVQEMLSPDLSFVLHTVSPADPDSNLVEAEIAPGLGETLASGTRGTPWRLASGKLDGIV 1110       *******.*********:**.* *.:*****:*******************:. *:** * SbPWD TTLAFANFSEEMVVLNSGPTDGEVTRRTVDYSKKPLSVDATFRGQFGQRLAAIGQYLEQK 1187 ZmPWD TTLAFANFSEELMVLNSGPTDGEMSRRTVDYSKKPLSVDATFREQFGQRLAAIGQYLEQK  726 AtPWD QTLAFANFSEELLVSGTGPADGKYVRLTVDYSKKRLTVDSVFRQQLGQRLGSVGFFLERN 1170        **********::* .:**:**:  * ******* *:**:.** *:****.::* :**:: SbPWD FGSAQDVEGCLVGQDIFIVQSRPQP- 1212 (SEQ ID NO: 14) ZmPWD FGSAQDVEGCLVGPDIFIVQSRPQPQ  752 (SEQ ID NO: 15) AtPWD FGCAQDVEGCLVGEDVYIVQSRPQPL 1196 (SEQ ID NO: 16)       **.********** *::********

Based on this homology, it was possible to identify gene sequences (including coding sequences that had been previously unannotated in public databases) that correspond the PWD enzymes from the genomes of the respective species. These sequences include putative PWD cDNA (coding) sequences from sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 17), maize (SEQ ID NO: 18), and rice (SEQ ID NO: 19), and the corresponding genes from which the PWD mRNAs are transcribed for PWD from sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 20) and maize (SEQ ID NO: 21). Furthermore, from this information, one can also infer the sequences of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and promoters of the PWD gene in sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 22), as well as the 3′ UTRs of the respective PWD genes in sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 23) and maize (SEQ ID NO: 24). The 24.3 kb SbPWD gene is located on sorghum chromosome 4. The deduced protein sequence of the SbPWD (1212AA) has 57% sequence identity in its entire length to the functionally characterized Arabidopsis 1196AA PWD protein (AY747068). However, only the C-terminal part of the SbPWD protein (374AA) has sequence homology to maize genomic sequences localized on chromosome 10. This partial protein sequence of maize ZmPWD has 58% sequence identity to AtPWD and 93% sequence identity to SbPWD. Sequence alignment of the compiled sequences for the last 13 exons of the SbPWD and ZmPWD genes demonstrated 95.2% sequence identity on the nucleotide level between coding regions. However, when the entire genomic sequences for this part of the maize and sorghum PWD are aligned, only 31% sequence identity is present. The differences in intronic sequences between the two genes could explain this situation. For example, intron #11 in SbPWD is 5.3 kb and intron #13 is 0.8 kb, while their counterparts in ZmPWD are 17 kb and 5 kb long. The opposite situation was found for intron #16, which is 3.6 kb in SbPWD and only 248 bp in ZmPWD. Sequence analysis of the 252 bp 3′ UTR of SbPWD and ZmPWD demonstrated 78% sequence identity interrupted by numerous breaks in homology.

CLUSTAL sequence alignment as follows was used to identify candidate DSP target proteins from maize (ZmDSP; SEQ ID NO: 25) and sorghum (SbDSP; SEQ ID NO: 26) based on their similarity to the known DSP protein from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDSP; SEQ ID NO: 27). Similarly, it was possible to identify a candidate rice DSP protein (OsDSP; SEQ ID NO: 28) among lists of hypothetical proteins from rice.

CLUSTAL 2.1 multiple sequence alignment ZmDSP, SbDSP and AtDSP ZmDSP MNCLQNLLKE--PPIVGSRSMRR---PSPLNLAMVRGGSRRSNTVKT---LQAPGASTSG  52 SbDSP MNCLQNLLKE--PPIVGSRSMRR---PSPLNLAMVRGGSRRSNTVKT---LQAPGASTSG  52 AtDSP MNCLQNLPRCSVSPLLGFGCIQRDHSSSSSSLKMLISPPIKANDPKSRLVLHAVSESKSS  60       ******* :   .*::*  .::*   .*. .* *: . . ::*  *:   *:* . *.*. ZmDSP AESSAVEMGTEKSEVYSTNMTQAMGAALTYRHELGMNYNFIRPDLIVGSCLQSPLDVDKL 112 SbDSP AESSAVEMGTEKSEVYSTNMTHAMGAALTYRHELGMNYNFIRPDLIVGSCLQSPLDVDKL 112 AtDSP SEMSGVAKDEEKSDEYSQDMTQAMGAVLTYRHELGMNYNFIRPDLIVGSCLQTPEDVDKL 120       :* *.*  . ***: ** :**:****.*************************:* ***** ZmDSP RKIGVKTVFCLQQDSDLEYFGVDIRAIQDYSLQFKDIVHCRAEIRDFDAFDLRLRLPAVV 172 SbDSP RKIGVKTVFCLQQDSDLEYFGVDIGAIQDYSLQFKDIMHCRAEIRDFDAFDLRLRLPAVV 172 AtDSP RKIGVKTIFCLQQDPDLEYFGVDISSIQAYAKKYSDIQHIRCEIRDFDAFDLRMRLPAVV 180       *******:******.********* :** *: ::.** * *.***********:****** ZmDSP SKLHKLINCNGGVTYIHCTAGLGRAPAVALAYMFWILGYSLNEGHRLLQSKRACFPKLEA 232 SbDSP SKLHKLVNCNGGVTYIHCTAGLGRAPAVALAYMFWILGYSLNEGHQLLQSKRACFPKLEA 232 AtDSP GTLYKAVKRNGGVTYVHCTAGMGRAPAVALTYMFWVQGYKLMEAHKLLMSKRSCFPKLDA 240       ..*:* :: ******:*****:********:****: **.* *.*:** ***:*****:* ZmDSP IKLATADILTGLSKNTITLKWEADGSSSVEISGLDIGWGQRIPLTYDEEKGAWFLEKELP 292 SbDSP IKLATADILTGLSKNTITLKWEDDGSSSVEISGLDIGWGQRIPLTYDEERGAWFLEKELP 292 AtDSP IRNATIDILTGLKRKTVTLTLKDKGFSRVEISGLDIGWGQRIPLTLDKGTGFWILKRELP 300       *: ** ******.::*:**. : .* * ***************** *:  * *:*::*** ZmDSP EGRYEYKYVVDGKWLCNEHELITKPNADGHVNNYVQVSRDGTSDEEKELRERLTGPDPDL 352 SbDSP EGRYEYKYIVDGKWLCNEHEMLTKPNADGHVNNYVQVSRDGTSDEEKELRERLTGPDPVL 352 AtDSP EGQFEYKYIIDGEWTHNEAEPFIGPNKDGHTNNYAKVVDDPTS-VDGTTRERLSSEDPEL 359       **::****::**:*  ** * :  ** ***.***.:*  * **  :   ****:. ** * ZmDSP TDQERLMIREYLEQYADAAER 373 (SEQ ID NO: 25) SbDSP TDEERLMIREYLEQYADAGER 373 (SEQ ID NO: 26) AtDSP LEEERSKLIQFLETCSEAEV- 379 (SEQ ID NO: 27)        ::**  : ::**  ::*

Based on this homology, it was possible to identify gene sequences (including coding sequences which had been previously unannotated in public databases) that correspond the DSP enzymes from the genomes of the respective species. These sequences include putative DSP cDNA (coding) sequences from maize (SEQ ID NO: 29), sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 30), and rice (SEQ ID NO: 31), the corresponding genes from which the DSP mRNAs are transcribed for DSP from maize (SEQ ID NO: 32) and sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 33). Furthermore, from this information, one can also infer the sequences of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and promoters of the DSP gene in maize (SEQ ID NO: 34) and sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 35), as well as the 3′ UTRs of the respective DSP genes in maize (SEQ ID NO: 36) and sorghum (SEQ ID NO: 37). The 5 kb and 6 kb DSP genes are localized on chromosomes 1 of sorghum and maize genomes, respectively. The DSP gene structure is very similar in both maize and sorghum, with each gene containing 14 exons of identical length and 13 slightly differently sized introns. The deduced protein sequence alignment between Arabidopsis, maize, and sorghum demonstrates 58.8% identity, while between SbDSP and ZmDSP proteins there is 96.5% sequence identity on the amino acid level. The sequence identity between the compiled exons of SbDSP and ZmDSP genes is 95.5%, while when the introns are included, the identity between the two genes drops to 65.3%. There is 50-60% sequence identity in 5′13′ UTR regions. Both SbDSP and ZmDSP proteins contain the DSPc domain (Dual specificity phosphatase, catalytic domain) at 130-227AA with the active site at the residue C190.

Example 2 Suppressing Expression, Accumulation, or Activity of the Target Enzymes in Plants

Once the genes encoding each of the target enzymes have been identified in a given species, the next objective was to suppress the expression, accumulation, or activity of that enzyme in planta.

The target genes were inhibited using an RNA interference strategy. One approach to gene suppression via RNA interference was to modify a naturally-occurring microRNA sequence such that its native targeting sequences are altered so that they will recognize a different target sequence, and then to express this modified microRNA according to Wartmann et al. 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

An example of naturally occurring microRNA from rice is illustrated in FIG. 3. Nucleotide sequences of OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3 (SEQ ID NO: 38) and OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1 (SEQ ID NO: 39), such as shown in FIG. 3, that encode microRNAs targeting a messenger RNA encoding rice GWD protein were introduced into expression cassette for suppression of the expression of a target enzyme.

Alternatively, the expression of a target enzyme was suppressed by expressing an appropriately-designed hairpin RNA (“hpRNA”) that includes inverted copies of an RNA sequence that is homologous to a portion of the mRNA, the 5′ UTR, or the 3′ UTR for a target enzyme, according to Horiguchi 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. The sequences homologous to the target mRNA are called “driver sequences.” DNA sequences encoding individual RNA driver sequences that were used to create hpRNAs include OsDSP1 (SEQ ID NO: 40), OsDSP2 (SEQ ID NO: 41): OsGWD1 (SEQ ID NO: 42), OsGWD2 (SEQ ID NO: 43), OsPWD1 (SEQ ID NO: 44), OsPWD2 (SEQ ID NO: 45), SbGWD (SEQ ID NO: 46), SbGWD1 (SEQ ID NO: 47), SbGWD2 (SEQ ID NO: 48), ZmGWD1 (SEQ ID NO: 49) and ZmGWD2 (SEQ ID NO: 50).

The strategy for expressing inverted driver sequences was to transcribe them such that the inverted copies were separated by a spacer sequence. This spacer itself corresponded to an intron. Introns that were used included the Zea mays alcohol dehydrogenase intron (ZmAdh1i6; SEQ ID NO: 51), the Oryza sativa alcohol dehydrogenase intron (OsAdh1i; SEQ ID NO: 52), Sorghum bicolor alcohol dehydrogenase intron (SbAdh1-2i: SEQ ID NO: 53) and Sorghum bicolor glucan water dikinase intron (SbGWDi; SEQ ID NO: 54). In an expression cassette, to direct transcription of the microRNA or hpRNA a driver sequence was linked to the Z. mays ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi1P; SEQ ID NO: 55), the Z. mays phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter (ZmPepCP: SEQ ID NO: 56) or the O. sativa ubiquitin promoter (OsUbi3P; SEQ ID NO: 57). A polyadenylation signal (NOS terminator; SEQ ID NO: 58) was used as the transcription terminator.

FIG. 4 illustrates a single expression cassette comprised of a synthetic gene that encodes one such hpRNA. This figure shows the expression cassette including (1) a promoter element, (2) a set of the driver sequences (black) positioned in opposite orientations such that the RNA transcript will be self-complementary in these regions, (3) an intron or a spacer element, and (4) a transcription terminator/polyadenylation signal. Examples of such expression cassettes include SEQ ID NO: 59 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 60 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1], SEQ ID NO: 61 [OsUbi3P: OsDSP1hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 62 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 63 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 64 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 65 [OsUbi3:OsPWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 66 [OsUbi3:OsPWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 67 [OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 68 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 69 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 70 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi] and SEQ ID NO: 71 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi].

Multiple cassettes for different hpRNAs can be linked in a single construct to be introduced into transgenic plants such that two hpRNAs will be expressed simultaneously. FIG. 5 illustrates one example of such a construct. This figure shows (1) first promoter element, (2) a first set of driver sequences (black) positioned in opposite orientations such that the RNA transcript will be complementary in these regions, (3) a first intron or a spacer element, (4) a first transcription terminator/polyadenylation signal, (5) a second promoter element; (6) a second set of driver sequences (black), (7) a second intron or a spacer element, and (8) a second transcription terminator/polyadenylation signal.

Examples of constructs with multiple hpRNA expression cassettes are provided as SEQ ID NO: 72 [OsDSP1 and OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 73[OsPWD2 and OsGWD1] and SEQ ID NO: 74 [OsDSP2 and OsPWD1].

Example 3 Vectors

Sequences from any gene related to starch regulation may be provided in an intermediate RNAi vector, a transformation vector, or in a transgenic plant herein.

RNAi Vector pAL409

An example of an intermediate RNAi vector is pAL409, which is illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, inverted copies of segments from a transcribed region from a gene to be targeted can be introduced into pAL409 at the AvrII site 220 (position 4507) and the BspEI site 210 (position 4519), and again at the AgeI site 295 (position 566) and the NheI site 290 (position 620). When transcribed from the rice ubiquitin promoter 230 (P-OsUbi3), the inverted copies of the segments (the driver sequences) allow the resulting RNA to form a hairpin in which the OsUbi3 intron 200 serves as a spacer between the repeated elements. A polyadenylation signal 280 (NOS 3′) serves as the transcriptional terminator. The entire expression cassette (from the promoter through the terminator) can be excised from this plasmid as a Pad-XmaI fragment by digesting at the PacI site 240 (position 3574) and the XmaI site 270 (position 911). pAL409 also includes a ColEI, E. coli origin of replication 260; and a bla 250 ampicillin resistance marker. The sequence of pAL409 is provided below, but nucleotide numbering and orientation differ from that depicted in FIG. 2. The skilled artisan will be able to align the sequence below with the vector map of FIG. 2 given the landmarks of the vector. An intermediate RNAi vector such as pAL409 can be used to introduce tandem, inverted copies of virtually any driver sequences.

>pAL409 sequence [SEQ ID NO: 185] TCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTGAAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCC GGAGACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGATGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCC CGTCAGGGCGCGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCGGGGCTGGCTTAACT ATGCGGCATCAGAGCAGATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATATGCGGTGTGA AATACCGCACAGATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACCGCATCAGGCGCCATTCG CCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTT CGCTATTACGCCAGCTGGCGAAAGGGGGATGTGCTGCAAGGCGATTAAG TTGGGTAACGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCC AGTGAATTCGGGCGGTTAATTAACTAATCGACTCTAGTAACGGCCGCCA GTGTGCTGGAATTAATTCGGCTTGTCGACCACCCAACCCCATATCGACA GAGGATGTGAAGAACAGGTAAATCACGCAGAAGAACCCATCTCTGATAG CAGCTATCGATTAGAACAACGAATCCATATTGGGTCCGTGGGAAATACT TACTGCACAGGAAGGGGGCGATCTGACGAGGCCCCGCCACCGGCCTCGA CCCGAGGCCGAGGCCGACGAAGCGCCGGCGAGTACGGCGCCGCGGCGGC CTCTGCCCGTGCCCTCTGCGCGTGGGAGGGAGAGGCCGCGGTGGTGGGG GCGCGCGCGCGCGCGCGCGCAGCTGGTGCGGCGGCGCGGGGGTCAGCCG CCGAGCCGGCGGCGACGGAGGAGCAGGGCGGCGTGGACGCGAACTTCCG ATCGGTTGGTCAGAGTGCGCGAGTTGGGCTTAGCCAATTAGGTCTCAAC AATCTATTGGGCCGTAAAATTCATGGGCCCTGGTTTGTCTAGGCCCAAT ATCCCGTTCATTTCAGCCCACAAATATTTCCCCAGAGGATTATTAAGGC CCACACGCAGCTTATAGCAGATCAAGTACGATGTTTCCTGATCGTTGGA TCGGAAACGTACGGTCTTGATCAGGCATGCCGACTTCGTCAAAGAGAGG CGGCATGACCTGACGCGGAGTTGGTTCCGGGCACCGTCTGGATGGTCGT ACCGGGACCGGACACGTGTCGCGCCTCCAACTACATGGACACGTGTGGT GCTGCCATTGGGCCGTACGCGTGGCGGTGACCGCACCGGATGCTGCCTC GCACCGCCTTGCCCACGCTTTATATAGAGAGGTTTTCTCTCCATTAATC GCATAGCGAGTCGAATCGACCGAAGGGGAGGGGGAGCGAGAGCTTTGCG TTCTCTAATCGCCTCGTCAAGCCTAGGTGTGTGTCCGGAGTCAAGGTAA CTAATCAATCACCTCGTCCTAATCCTCGAATCTCTCGTGGTGCCCGTCT AATCTCGCGATTTTGATGCTCGTGGTGGAAAGCGTAGGAGGATCCCGTG CGAGTTAGTCTCAATCTCTCAGGGTTTCGTGCGATTTTAGGGTGATCCA CCTCTTAATCGAGTTACGGTTTCGTGCGATTTTAGGGTAATCCTCTTAA TCTCTCATTGATTTAGGGTTTCGTGAGAATCGAGGTAGGGATCTGTGTT ATTTATATCGATCTAATAGATGGATTGGTTTTGAGATTGTTCTGTCAGA TGGGGATTGTTTCGATATATTACCCTAATGATGTGTCAGATGGGGATTG TTTCGATATATTACCCTAATGATGTGTCAGATGGGGATTGTTTCGATAT ATTACCCTAATGATGGATAATAAGAGTAGTTCACAGTTATGTTTTGATC CTGCCACATAGTTTGAGTTTTGTGATCAGATTTAGTTTTACTTATTTGT GCTTAGTTCGGATGGGATTGTTCTGATATTGTTCCAATAGATGAATAGC TCGTTAGGTTAAAATCTTTAGGTTGAGTTAGGCGACACATAGTTTATTT CCTCTGGATTTGGATTGGAATTGTGTTCTTAGTTTTTTTCCCCTGGATT TGGATTGGAATTGTGTGGAGCTGGGTTAGAGAATTACATCTGTATCGTG TACACCTACTTGAACTGTAGAGCTTGGGTTCTAAGGTCAATTTAATCTG TATTGTATCTGGCTCTTTGCCTAGTTGAACTGTAGTGCTGATGTTGTAC TGTGTTTTTTTACCCGTTTTATTTGCTTTACTCGTGCAAATCAAATCTG TCAGATGCTAGAACTAGGTGGCTTTATTCTGTGTTCTTACATAGATCTG TTGTCCTGTAGTTACTTATGTCAGTTTTGTTATTATCTGAAGATATTTT TGGTTGTTGCTTGTTGATGTGGTGTGAGCTGTGAGCAGCGCTCTTATGA TTAATGATGCTGTCCAATTGTAGTGTAGTATGATGTGATTGATATGTTC ATCTATTTTGAGCTGACAGTACCGATATCGTAGGATCTGGTGCCAACTT ATTCTCCAGCTGCTTTTTTTTACCTATGTTAATTCCAATCCTTTCTTGC CTCTTCCAGGGATCCACCGGTCCGATCGAGCTTACTGAAAAAATTAACA TCTCTTGCTAAGCTGGGAGCGCTAGCTCCCCGAATTTCCCCGATCGTTC AAACATTTGGCAATAAAGTTTCTTAAGATTGAATCCTGTTGCCGGTCTT GCGATGATTATCATATAATTTCTGTTGAATTACGTTAAGCATGTAATAA TTAACATGTAATGCATGACGTTATTTATGAGATGGGTTTTTATGATTAG AGTCCCGCAATTATACATTTAATACGCGATAGAAAACAAAATATAGCGC GCAAACTAGGATAAATTATCGCGCGCGGTGTCATCTATGTTACTAGATC GGGAATTGGCGAGCTCGCCCGGGCGGGCGAAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGT CATAGCTGTTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACAA CATACGAGCCGGAAGCATAAAGTGTAAAGCCTGGGGTGCCTAATGAGTG AGCTAACTCACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCTCACTGCCCGCTTTCCAGTCGG GAAACCTGTCGTGCCAGCTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAG AGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCTCTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCG CTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGCGGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGG CGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACGCAGGAAAGAACAT GTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTG CTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATC GACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCA GGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTG CCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGC TTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCG CTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGC GCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACT TATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTA TGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTAC ACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCT TCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGG TAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAA GGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGT GGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTCATGAGATTATCAAAAAG GATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATC TAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCA GTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGC CTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCT GGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAG ATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGG TCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAA GCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCA TTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATT CAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTG TGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTA AGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTC TCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTAC TCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTT GCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAA AGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATC TTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACT GATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAAC AGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGT TGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGG GTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAA ACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGCCACCTGACGTC TAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTATAAAAATAGGCGTATCA CGAGGCCCTTTCGTC

Embodiments herein provide intermediate RNAi vectors that replicate to high copy in E. coli, have low complexity, and several convenient restriction sites. pAL409 has these characteristics. Vectors with such characteristics would be useful for assembling RNAi expression cassettes that can then be transferred to an Agrobacterium transformation vector.

Transformation Vectors

An exemplary transformation vector, pAG2004 is illustrated in FIG. 6. pAG2004 [SEQ ID NO:186]. pAG2004 includes a rice ubiquitin intron 300 (OsUbi3 intron), a rice ubiquitin promoter 330 (P-OsUbi3), a Pad site 340 (position 155), an XmaI site 370 (position 214), a NOS 3′ polyadenylation signal 380, and a ColEI E. coli origin of replication 360. pAG2004 also includes a phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene 390, an RB 391, an st AT 392 and an aadA 393. pAG2004 or similar vectors can be transferred from E. coli to Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 via conjugal transfer, during which the plasmid will integrate into pSB1 (a resident Ti plasmid) via homologous recombination. Co-culture of the resulting recombinant Agrobacterium strain with plant cells can result in the transfer of the pAG2004-derived DNA to the plant genome. Embodiments herein include a transformation vector having any driver sequences related to targets for alteration of Green Starch. Embodiments herein include a transformation vector having a fragment from pAL409 including driver sequences related to targets for alteration of Green Starch. Embodiments herein include a transformation vector having a PacI-XmaI fragment from pAL409 including driver sequences related to targets for alteration of Green Starch in place of the pAG2004 PacI-XmaI fragment.

Plant transformation vectors were assembled by inserting the expression cassettes or constructs described herein between the Agrobacterium T-DNA right border and left border sequences of a suitable plasmid such as pAG2005 or pAG4003 described below. Following are descriptions of several pAG2005, pAG4003 and derivative recombinant plasmid vectors that can be used to generate transgenic plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation:

pAG2005 (SEQ ID NO: 75) is a plasmid that carries a spectinomycin resistance marker, a bacterial origin of replication, an Agrobacterium T-DNA right border (RB), and an Agrobacterium T-DNA left border (LB). Between the RB and LB is a multicloning site (MCS) and a plant selectable marker comprised of a rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P), the phosphomannose isomerase coding sequence, and NOS terminator; this plasmid also carries an added rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator in the MCS, between which additional coding sequences, microRNA, or hpRNA transcription units may be added.

pAG2107 is pAG2005 with an OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3 microRNA (SEQ ID NO: 38) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2108 is pAG2005 with an OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1 microRNA (SEQ ID NO: 39) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2109 is pAG2005 with an OsDSP1 hpRNA silencing cassette-1 (SEQ ID NO: 40) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2110 is pAG2005 with an OsGWD1 hpRNA silencing cassette-1 (SEQ ID NO: 42) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2111 is pAG2005 with an OsGWD2 hpRNA silencing cassette-2 (SEQ ID NO: 43) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2112 is pAG2005 with an OsPWD2 hpRNA silencing cassette-2 (SEQ ID NO: 45) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2113 is pAG2005 with an OsDSP2 hpRNA silencing cassette-2 (SEQ ID NO: 41) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2114 is pAG2005 with an OsPWD1 hpRNA silencing cassette-1 (SEQ ID NO: 44) between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator.

pAG2115 is pAG2111 with an additional OsDSP1 hpRNA silencing cassette-1; the tandem cassettes for expressing OsGWD2 and OsDSP1 hpRNAs is provided as SEQ ID NO: 72.

pAG2116 is pAG2110 with an additional OsPWD2 hpRNA silencing cassette-2; the tandem cassettes for expressing OsGWD1 and OsPWD2 hpRNAs is provided as SEQ ID NO: 73.

pAG2117 is pAG2114 with an additional OsDSP2 hpRNA silencing cassette-2; the tandem cassettes for expressing OsPWD1 and OsDSP2 hpRNAs is provided as SEQ ID NO: 74;

pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) is a plasmid that carries a spectinomycin resistance marker, a bacterial origin of replication, an Agrobacterium T-DNA right border (RB), and an Agrobacterium T-DNA left border (LB). Between the RB and LB is a multicloning site (MCS) and a plant selectable marker comprised of a maize ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi1P), the phosphomannose isomerase coding sequence, and NOS terminator.

pAG4101 is pAG4003 with an SbGWD RNAi between the rice Ubi3 promoter (OsUbi3P) and NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 67).

pAG4102 is pAG4003 with an ZmGWD1 RNAi between the maize ZmPepC promoter (ZmPepCP) and NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 70).

pAG4103 is pAG4003 with an ZmGWD2 RNAi between the maize ZmPepC promoter and NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 71).

pAG4104 is pAG4003 with an SbGWD1 RNAi between the maize ZmPepC promoter and NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 68).

pAG4105 is pAG4003 with an SbGWD2 RNAi between the maize ZmPepC promoter and NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 69).

Sequences of the target proteins, genes, elements of the expression cassettes and vectors used herein are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Description of Sequences. SEQ ID NO Sequence Name Sequence Description 1 SbGWD protein amino acid sequence of hypothetical protein from Genbank accession XM_002438374 2 ZmGWD protein amino acid sequence of GWD target protein from maize 3 OsGWD protein amino acid sequence of GWD target protein from rice 4 StGWD protein amino acid sequence of GWD target protein from potato 5 SbGWD coding nucleotide sequence encoding hypothetical Sequence protein from Genbank accession XM_002438374 6 ZmGWD coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding sequence unannotated protein from maizegdb.org accession GRMZM2G412611 7 OsGWD coding nucleotide sequence encoding GWD target sequence protein from rice 8 SbGWD gene genomic sequence containing unannotated GWD-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (37970015-37957888) 9 ZmGWD gene genomic sequence containing unannotated GWD-like sequence GRMZM2G412611 at maizegdb.org (110695290-110706982) 10 SbGWD gene genomic sequence upstream of GWD-like 5′UTR and sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (37973102- promoter 37970016) 11 ZmGWD gene genomic sequence upstream of GWD-like 5′UTR and sequence GRMZM2G412611 at maizegdb.org promoter (110692290-110695289) 12 SbGWD gene genomic sequence downstream of GWD-like 3′UTR sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (37957887- 37956500) 13 ZmGWD gene genomic sequence downstream of GWD-like 3′UTR sequence GRMZM2G412611 at maizegdb.org (110706983-110708982) 14 SbPWD protein amino acid sequence of possible PWD target protein from sorghum 15 ZmPWD protein partial amino acid sequence of possible PWD target protein from maize 16 AtPWD protein amino acid sequence of functionally characterized PWD protein from Arabidopsis (Genebank accession AY747068) 17 SbPWD coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding sequence hypothetical protein from Genbank accession XM_002453614 18 ZmPWD coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding PWD- sequence like protein compiled from genomic sequence on maize Chromosome 10 (20383422- 20409795) 19 OsPWD coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding PWD- sequence like protein compiled from genomic sequence from rice 20 SbPWD gene SbPWD gene genomic sequence containing unannotated PWD-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (13092874-13068592) 21 ZmPWD gene ZmPWD gene genomic sequence containing unannotated partial PWD-like sequence at maizegdb.org (20383406-20409795) 22 SbPWD gene SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter genomic 5′UTR and sequence upstream of PWD-like sequence at promoter plantgdb.org/SbGDB (13095874-13092875) 23 SbPWD gene SbPWD gene 3′UTR genomic sequence 3′UTR downstream of PWD-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (13068591-13066592) 24 ZmPWD gene ZmPWD gene 3′UTR genomic sequence 3′UTR downstream of PWD-like sequence at maizegdb.org (20409796-20411795) 25 ZmDSP protein ZmDSP putative protein amino acid sequence of target protein from maize 26 SbDSP protein SbDSP putative protein amino acid sequence of target protein from sorghum 27 AtDSP protein AtDSP protein amino acid sequence of functionally characterized DSP protein from Arabidopsis (Genebank accession Q9FEB5) 28 OsDSP protein OsDSP putative protein tyrosine phosphatase from rice, Genebank accession ABF93554.1 29 ZmDSP coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding sequence uncharacterized protein LOC100216768 from Genbank accession NM_001143167 30 SbDSP coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding sequence unannotated DSP-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (73074312-73079318) 31 OsDSP coding nucleotide sequence (cDNA) encoding DSP- sequence like protein compiled from genomic sequence from rice 32 ZmDSP gene ZmDSP gene genomic sequence at maizegdb.org (2544510-2538556) containing uncharacterized protein LOC100216768 from Genbank accession NM_001143167 33 SbDSP gene SbDSP gene genomic sequence containing unannotated DSP-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (73074312-73079318) 34 ZmDSP gene ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter genomic 5′UTR and sequence at maizegdb.org (2538555- promoter 2536556) upstream of uncharacterized protein LOC100216768 from Genbank accession NM_001143167 35 SbDSP gene SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter genomic 5′UTR and sequence upstream of unannotated DSP-like promoter sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (73071312- 73074311) 36 ZmDSP gene ZmDSP gene 3′UTR genomic sequence at 3′UTR maizegdb.org (2538555-2536556) downstream of uncharacterized protein LOC100216768 from Genbank accession NM_001143167 37 SbDSP gene SbDSP gene 3′UTR genomic sequence 3′UTR downstream of unannotated DSP-like sequence at plantgdb.org/SbGDB (73079319- 73081318) 38 OsGWD DNA sequence encoding the OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3 amiRNA1wmd3 micro RNA 39 OsGWD osa- DNA sequence encoding the OsGWD osa- MIR809aM1 MIR809aM1 micro RNA 40 OsDSP1 OsDSP1 hairpin RNA driver sequence 41 OsDSP2 OsDSP2 hairpin RNA driver sequence 42 OsGWD1 OsGWD1 hairpin RNA driver sequence 43 OsGWD2 OsGWD2 hairpin RNA driver sequence 44 OsPWD1 OsPWD1 hairpin RNA driver sequence 45 OsPWD2 OsPWD2 hairpin RNA driver sequence 46 SbGWD SbGWD hairpin RNA driver sequence 47 SbGWD1 SbGWD1 hairpin RNA driver sequence 48 SbGWD2 SbGWD2 hairpin RNA driver sequence 49 ZmGWD1 ZmGWD1 hairpin RNA driver sequence 50 ZmGWD2 ZmGWD2 hairpin RNA driver sequence 51 ZmAdh1i6 DNA sequence corresponding to the ZmAdh1i6 intron 52 OsAdh1i DNA sequence corresponding to the OsAdh1 intron 53 SbAdh1-2i DNA sequence corresponding to the SbAdh1- 2i intron 54 SbGWDi DNA sequence corresponding to the SbGWDi intron 55 ZmUbi1P maize Ubi1 promoter with intron 56 ZmPepCP ZmPepC promoter 57 OsUbi3P rice Ubi3 promoter with intron 58 NOS terminator NOS transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation signal 59 OsUbi3P:OsGWD OsUbi3P:OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3 amiRNA1wmd3 expression cassette for one micro RNA 60 OsUbi3P:OsGWD OsUbi3P:OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1 osa-MIR809aM1 expression cassette for one micro RNA 61 OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 62 OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 63 OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 64 OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 65 OsUbi3P:OsPWD1 OsUbi3P:OsPWD1 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 66 OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 hpRNA expression hpRNA cassette for one hairpin RNA 67 OsUbi3P:SbGWD OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi expression cassette RNAi for one hairpin RNA 68 ZmPepCP:SbGWD1 ZmPepCP:SbGWD1 RNAi expression cassette RNAi for one hairpin RNA 69 ZmPepCP:SbGWD2 ZmPepCP:SbGWD2 RNAi expression cassette RNAi for one hairpin RNA 70 ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi expression RNAi cassette for one hairpin RNA 71 ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi expression RNAi cassette for one hairpin RNA 72 OsDSP1 and OsDSP1 and OsGWD2 construct containing OsGWD2 two hpRNA expression cassettes 73 OsPWD2 and OsPWD2 and OsGWD1 construct containing OsGWD1 two hpRNA expression cassettes 74 OsDSP2 and OsDSP2 and OsPWD1 construct containing OsPWD1 two hpRNA expression cassettes 75 pAG2005 pAG2005 transformation vector with phsophomannose isomerase plant selectable marker 76 pAG4003 pAG4003 transformation vector with phsophomannose isomerase plant selectable marker 77 O43097 protein O43097 enzyme amino acid sequence 78 BD22308 protein BD22308 enzyme amino acid sequence 79 BD25243 protein BD25243 enzyme amino acid sequence 80 EU591743 EU591743 enzyme amino acid sequence protein 81 NtEGm protein NtEGm enzyme amino acid sequence 82 P0C2S1 protein P0C2S1 enzyme amino acid sequence 83 P77853 protein P77853 enzyme amino acid sequence 84 O68438 protein O68438 enzyme amino acid sequence 85 O33897 protein O33897 enzyme amino acid sequence 86 O43097 coding O43097 enzyme coding sequence sequence 87 BD22308 coding BD22308 enzyme coding sequence sequence 88 BD25243 coding BD25243 enzyme coding sequence sequence 89 EU591743 coding EU591743 enzyme coding sequence sequence 90 NtEGm coding NtEGm enzyme coding sequence sequence 91 P0C2S1 coding P0C2S1 enzyme coding sequence sequence 92 P77853 coding P77853 enzyme coding sequence sequence 93 O68438 coding O68438 enzyme coding sequence sequence 94 O33897 coding O33897 enzyme coding sequence sequence 95 AS146-7 intein AS146-7 intein amino acid sequence polypeptide 96 S158-30-108-35 S158-30-108-35 intein amino acid sequence intein polypeptide 97 T134-100-101 T134-100-101 intein amino acid sequence intein polypeptide 98 AS146-7 coding AS146-7 DNA sequence encoding an intein sequence 99 S158-30-108-35 S158-30-108-35 DNA sequence encoding an coding sequence intein 100 T134-100-101 T134-100-101 DNA sequence encoding an coding sequence intein 101 EU591743:AS146-7 EU591743:AS146-7 intein-modified enzyme intein modified amino acid sequence enzyme 102 P77853:S158-30- P77853:S158-30-108-35 intein-modified 108-35 intein enzyme amino acid sequence modified enzyme 103 P77853:T134-100- P77853:T134-100-101 intein-modified 101 intein enzyme amino acid sequence modified enzyme 104 EU591743:AS146-7 EU591743:AS146-7 intein-modified enzyme coding coding sequence sequence 105 P77853:S158-30- P77853:S158-30-108-35 intein-modified 108-35 coding enzyme coding sequence sequence 106 P77853:T134-100- P77853:T134-100-101 intein-modified 101 coding enzyme coding sequence sequence 107 BAASS signal BAASS protein targeting signal peptide 108 SEKDEL signal SEKDEL protein targeting signal amino acid peptide sequence 109 xHvVSD xHvVSD protein targeting signal amino acid targeting signal sequence 110 ZmUBQm ZmUBQm translational fusion amino acid translational sequence fusion 111 xGZein27ss xGZein27ss protein targeting signal amino acid sequence 112 HvAle signal HvAle protein targeting signal amino acid sequence 113 BAASS coding BAASS DNA sequence encoding a protein sequence targeting signal 114 SEKDEL coding SEKDEL DNA sequence encoding a protein sequence targeting signal 115 xHvVSD coding xHvVSD DNA sequence encoding a protein sequence targeting signal 116 ZmUBQm coding ZmUBQm DNA sequence encoding a sequence translational fusion 117 xGZein27ss xGZein27ss DNA sequence encoding a coding sequence protein targeting signal 118 HvAle coding HvAle DNA sequence encoding a protein sequence targeting signal 119 ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss: ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD BD22308:xHvVSD expression for cassette for one enzyme 120 ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss: ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL BD25243:SEKDEL expression cassette for one enzyme 121 OsUbi3P:EU591743 OsUbi3P:EU591743 expression cassette for one enzyme 122 ZmUbi1P:EU591743: ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146- AS146-7:SEKDEL 7:SEKDEL expression cassette for one intein- modified enzyme 123 ZmUbi1P:HvAle: ZmUbi1P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL NtEGm:SEKDEL expression cassette for one enzyme 124 ZmPepCP:HvAle: ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL NtEGm:SEKDEL expression cassette for one enzyme 125 OsUbi3P:HvAle: OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL expression NtEGm:SEKDEL cassette for one enzyme 126 OsUbi3P:BAASS: OsUbi3P:BAASS:O33897 expression cassette O33897 for one enzyme 127 ZmPepCP:BAASS: ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL O43097:SEKDEL expression cassette for one enzyme 128 OsUbi3P:O68438 OsUbi3P:O68438 expression cassette for one enzyme 129 OsUbi3P:P0C2S1 OsUbi3P:P0C2S1 expression for cassette for one enzyme 130 ZmUbi1P: ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S158- ZmUBQm:BAASS: 30-108-35 expression cassette for one intein- P77853:S158-30- modified enzyme 108-35 131 ZmUbi1P:BAASS: ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100- P77853:T134-100- 101:SEKDEL expression cassette for one 101:SEKDEL intein-modified enzyme 132 2379 2379 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 133 2380 2380 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 134 4106 4106 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 135 4107 4107 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 136 4108 4108 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 137 4109 4109 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 138 4110 4110 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 139 4111 4111 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 140 4112 4112 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 141 4113 4113 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 142 4114 4114 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 143 4115 4115 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 144 4116 4116 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 145 4117 4117 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 146 4120 4120 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 147 4121 4121 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 148 4124 4124 construct containing expression cassettes for two CWDEs and one hpRNA 149 4125 4125 construct containing expression cassettes for two CWDEs and one hpRNA 150 4514 4514 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 151 4515 4515 construct containing expression cassettes for three CWDEs and one hpRNA 152 Synthetic Nucleic acid of ZmGWD1 intron-splicing site construct, ZmGWD1 intron- splicing site 153 Synthetic ob1659, nucleic acid of forward primer construct, GWD forward primer 154 Synthetic ob1660, nucleic acid of reverse primer construct, GWD reverse primer 155 Synthetic ob1555, nucleic acid of forward primer construct, beta- actin forward primer 156 Synthetic ob1556, nucleic acid of reverse primer construct, beta- actin reverse primer 157 Synthetic ob1567, nucleic acid of forward primer construct, GADPH forward primer 158 Synthetic ob1568, nucleic acid of reverse primer construct, GADHP reverse primer 159 osa-MIR528 RNA sequence of osa-MIR528 included in FIG. 1 160 Amylase 19862 Amylase 19862 amino acid sequence protein 161 Glucoamylase Glucoamylase 20082 amino acid sequence 20082 protein 162 Glucoamylase Glucoamylase 20707 amino acid sequence 20707 protein 163 Amylase 21853 Amylase 21853 amino acid sequence protein 164 Amylase 19862 Amylase 19862 coding sequence coding sequence 165 Glucoamylase Glucoamylase 20082 coding sequence 20082 coding sequence 166 Glucoamylase Glucoamylase 20707 coding sequence 20707 coding sequence 167 Amylase 21853 Amylase 21853 coding sequence coding sequence 168 AmyS coding AmyS amylase coding sequence sequence 169 AmyS protein AmyS amylase amino acid sequence 170 GlaA coding GlaA coding sequence sequence 171 GlaA protein GlaA amino acid sequence 172 An inverted A sequence complimentary to OsDSP1 (SEQ complement of IDNO: 40) with a reverse order of nucleotides OsDSP1 173 GWD gene genomic sequence GWD gene Os06g30310 Os06g30310 174 DSP gene genomic sequence DSP gene Os03g01750 Os03g01750 175 ISA3 gene genomic sequence ISA3 gene Os09g29404 Os09g29404 176 GWD coding nucleotide sequence encoding GWD target sequence -1 protein from rice [similar to SEQ ID NO: 7 plus 147 additional nucleotides at the 5′ end and 12 additional nucleotides at the 3′ end] 177 DSP coding DSP coding sequence from rice [similar to sequence -1 SEQ ID NO: 31 plus 18 additional nucleotides at 5′ end and 12 additional nucleotides at the 3′ end] 178 ISA3 coding ISA3 coding sequence sequence 179 Synthetic GWD1 driver sequence construct, GWD1 driver sequence 180 Synthetic GWD2 driver sequence construct, GWD2 driver sequence 181 Portion of GWD2 Portion of GWD2 in FIG. 4 in FIG. 4 182 Portion of S. lyco. Portion of S. lyco. GWD gene in FIG. 4 GWD gene in FIG. 4 183 DSP1 driver DSP1 driver sequence sequence 184 ISA3 driver ISA3 driver sequence sequence 185 Synthetic pAL409 construct, pAL409 186 Synthetic pAG2004 construct, pAG2004 187 Synthetic pAG2100 construct, pAG2100 188 Synthetic pAG2101 construct, pAG2101 189 Synthetic pAG2102 construct, pAG2102 190 Synthetic pAG2103 construct, pAG2103 191 Sorghum bicolor Putative Sorghum bicolor GWD gene GWD gene-1 192 Portion of Portion of putative Sorghum bicolor GWD putative sorghum gene corresponding to GWD2 region of rice bicolor GWD gene gene 193 Synthetic sbGWDk02a construct, sbGWDk02a 194 Synthetic sbGWDk2b construct, sbGWDk2b 195 Synthetic pAG2106 construct, pAG2106 196 OsGWD excerpt 1 OsGWD excerpt 1 197 sbGWD excerpt 1 sbGWD excerpt 1 198 ZmGWD excerpt ZmGWD excerpt 1 1, n, is any nucleotide 199 SlGWD excerpt 1 SlGWD excerpt 1 200 OsGWD excerpt 2 OsGWD excerpt 2 201 SbGWD excerpt 2 SbGWD excerpt 2 202 ZmGWD excerpt 2 ZmGWD excerpt 2 203 SlGWD excerpt 2 SlGWD excerpt 2 204 Synthetic dgGWDup2 (PCR Primer) construct, dgGWDup2 (PCR Primer) 205 Synthetic dgGWD down 2 (PCR Primer) construct, dgGWD down 2 (PCR Primer) 206 PvGWD-2 PvGWD-2 207 PvGWD-5 PvGWD-5 208 PvGWD-1 PvGWD-1 209 Synthetic PvGWDko2 RNAi driver sequence construct, PvGWDko2 RNAi driver sequence 210 Synthetic pAG2104 construct, pAG2104 211 PvGWDi-1 PvGWDi-1 212 PvGWDi-2 PvGWDi-2 213 PvGWDi-3 PvGWDi-3 214 PvGWDi-4 PvGWDi-4 215 Switchgrass Switchgrass amalgamated sequence amalgamated sequence; n, is any nucleotide 216 Synthetic Synthetic sequence, sbGWDko2a minus sequence, flanking sequence sbGWDko2a minus flanking sequence 217 Synthetic Synthetic sequence, antisense sbGWDko2b sequence, antisense sbGWDko2b 218 Synthetic Synthetic sequence, pAL409jSbGWDko2 sequence, pAL409jSbGWDko2 219 Synthetic 4206 construct containing expression construct, 4206 cassettes for three CWDEs

Example 4 Rice RNAi Constructs

Three exemplary genes to target for RNA interference in rice are GWD, DSP, and ISA3. SEQ ID NOS: 173 [GWD gene os06g30310]-175 [ISA3 geneos09g29404] list the sequences for the rice GWD, DSP and ISA3 genes, respectively. SEQ ID NOS: 176 [GWD coding sequence]-178 [ISA3 coding sequence] list the predicted coding sequences for the GWD, DSP and ISA3 genes, respectively. The GWD, DSP, and ISA3 gene sequences are from the RiceGE database: accession Nos. Os06g30310 (GWD); Os03g01750 (DSP); and Os09g29404 (ISA3).

Based on the coding sequences in SEQ ID NOS: 176 [GWD coding sequence]-178 [ISA3 coding sequence], artificial cDNAs were synthesized and provided a resource for expressing the corresponding proteins in heterologous systems (e.g., E. coli or yeasts), which in turn would make it possible to raise antibodies for use in analyzing the planned transgenic plants.

Plasmid DNAs carrying the entire coding sequences of SEQ ID NOS: SEQ ID NOS: 176 [GWD coding sequence]-178 [ISA3 coding sequence] were used as templates in PCR reactions to prepare driver sequences to be used in the RNAi constructs. For the GWD gene, two separate driver sequences were prepared.

>GWD1 driver sequence (one copy) [SEQ ID NO: 179] TAGCGCTAAGGAAGGGAGAGATATCCATCCGGATCCCGGAAGCCGAATCC ATCCATCCATCCATCCCATACTGCCCTTACGATCGAGCTGTTTGATATTC GTGCAGATGAGCGGATTCTCCGCGGCAGCTGCTGCGGCCGAGCGCTTGTC GGAAGGTTCACCCTGGATGCCAACTCCGAGCTTAAGGTGACATTGAACCC AGCACCGCAGGGTTCGGTGGTGGAGATCAATCTAGAGGCAACTAACACCA GCGGCTCCCTGATACTGCATTGGGGCGCCCTTCGCCCGGATAGAGGAGAA TGGCTCCTACCAT >GWD2 driver sequence (one copy) [SEQ ID NO: 180] AGCAGATCTAGTTGACCAAGCAAGAGATAATGGATTATTGGGTATTATTG GAATTTTTGTTTGGATTAGGTTCATGGCTACAAGGCAACTAATATGGAAC AAGAACTACAATGTGAAGCCACGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTT TACAGATGATCTTGAGAATATGTACAGAACTTACCCACAATATCAGGAGA TCTTAAGAATGATAATGTCTGCTGTTGGTCGGGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTT GGTCAACGCATTCGTGATGAGATATTAGTAATCCAGAGAAATAATGACTG CAAAGGTGGAATGATGGAGGAGTGGCACCAGAAACTGCACAACAATACAA GCCCAGATGATGTAGTGATCTGCCAGGCCCTACTTGATTATATCAAGAGT GATTTTGATATTGGTGTTTACTGGGACACCTTGAAAAAAGATGGTATAAC AAAAGAGCGTCTATTGAGCTATGATCGACCGATTCATTCAGAGCCAAATT TCAGGAGTGAACAGAAAGATGGCTTACTCCGTGACTTGGGCAATTATATG AGAAGCCTCAAGATGGAGGGTACCC

GWD1 is derived from a region near the 5′ end of the GWD coding sequence. The second GWD driver sequence, GWD2 is derived from a region closer to the middle of the GWD coding sequence, which corresponds to a region of relatively higher sequence conservation among GWD genes from divergent species. See FIG. 7, which illustrates a comparison between GWD2, derived from the rice glucan water dikinase gene, and the GWD gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicon). Unexpectedly, BLAST analysis [Zhang Z, Schwartz S, Wagner L, and Miller W, A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences (2000) J Comput Biol 2000; 7(1-2):203-14, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth] of these two sequences reveals extensive homology, despite the phylogenetic distance that separates these two species (rice is a monocot, while tomato is a dicot). This suggests that this portion of the GWD gene would serve as a broadly applicable target for RNA interference. In FIG. 7, the Query (top sequence) is a portion of rice GWD2 driver sequence [SEQ ID NO: 181; and the Sbjct (bottom sequence) is tomato GWD cDNA sequence [SEQ ID NO: 182]. Because of the sequence homology across this region, it is possible that an RNAi construct targeted against this region in the rice gene might also be useful for suppressing expression of homologous GWD genes in other plant species. Embodiments include methods, vectors and transgenic plants including sequences for RNAi targeting GWD.

Portions of the DSP and ISA3 genes from rice were also selected to serve as driver sequences.

>DSP1 driver sequence [SEQ ID NO: 183] CTCCAATCGTGGGATCCAGGTCCATGAGGCGGCCCTCGCCGCTCAATCTG ACGATGGTTCGTGGCGGGAGTCGCCGATCAAACACTGTCAAAACCGCATC CGGGGCGTCTACTTCTAGCGCCGAGAGTGGCGCAGTGGAGGCGGGCACGG AGAAATCCGATACGTACAGCACCAACATGACGCAAGCTATGGGAGCAGTG TTGACGTATAGACATGAGCTTGGAATGAACTACAATTTCATACGCCCAGA CTTGATCGTGGGCTCCTGCTTACAGAGCCCACTTGATGTTGATAAACTTA GGGACATTGGTGTAAAAACAGTATTCTGCCTGCAGCAAGATCCAGACCTT GAATATTTTGGAGTTGACATCTGTGCCATT >ISA3 driver sequence [SEQ ID NO: 184] CTAGCGAATACACTGAACTGCAACCATCCTGTTGTCAAGGAGCTCATTCT TGACAGCTTGAGACACTGGGTTGAGGAGTATCACATAGATGGATTTCGAT TTGACCTTGCAAGTGTTCTTTGTCGTGGACCAGATGGTTGTCCTCTTGAT GCACCTCCACTCATCAAGGAAATTGCCAAAGATGCTGTATTATCTAGATG TAAGATCATTGCTGAACCTTGGGATTGCGGCGGCCTTTATCTCGTAGGGC GTTTCCCTAACTGGGACAGGTGGGCTGAATGGAACGGCAAATACAGAGAT GATCTTCGAAGATTTATTAAGGGTGACCCTGGTATGAAGGGGGTGTTTGC GACTCGTGTGTCTGGATCTGCTGATCTCTATCAGGTGAACGAGCGGAAGC CTTACCATGGTGTAAATTTTGTGATTGCACATGATGGATTTACTTTATGT GACCTTGTTTCTTACAACTTAAAGCACAATGATGCTAATGGAGAAGGTGG CTGTGATGGATC

GWD1, GWD2, DSP1 and ISA3 driver sequences were each amplified by PCR such that each was flanked with restriction enzyme recognition sites (e.g., NheI and XmaI). The fragments were first ligated into pCRBlunt II TOPO (Invitrogen), confirmed via multiple restriction enzyme digests and sequencing, then excised (using restriction enzymes that cleave the introduced flanking sites) and ligated first into the BspEI and AvrII sites and then the NheI and AgeI sites of pAL409 (FIG. 2), which positioned the two copies in opposite orientations. The resulting RNAi cassettes were excised from the pAL409 derivatives as PacI-XmaI fragments and ligated into pAG2004 (FIG. 6), resulting in the plasmids pAG2100, pAG2102, and pAG2103. FIG. 6 shows RNAi cassettes targeting rice GWD, DSP, and ISA3 genes, where the top two segments are derived from the GWD gene, the middle from DSP and the bottom from ISA3 genes. Each of the driver elements is represented as duplicate inverted copies separated by and proximal to the OsUbi3 intron. On the left are listed the names of the constructs that were assembled in the plasmid pAL409. To the right are listed the names of the plasmids that resulted when the RNAi cassettes were excised from pAL409 as PacI-XmaI fragments and inserted into pAG2004.

Still referring to FIG. 6, the pAL409-GWDko1 construct includes P-OsUbi promoter 331, GWD1 driver sequence 310, OsUbi intron 301, inverted GWD1 driver sequence 311 and the NOS 3′ polyadenylation sequence 381. The pAL409-GWDko2 construct includes P-OsUbi promoter 332, GWD2 driver sequence 312, OsUbi intron 302, inverted GWD2 driver sequence 313 and the NOS 3′ polyadenylation sequence 382. The pAL409-DSPko1 construct includes P-OsUbi promoter 333, DSP1 driver sequence 314, OsUbi intron 303, inverted DSP1 driver sequence 315 and the NOS 3′ polyadenylation sequence 383. The pAL409-ISA3ko1 construct includes P-OsUbi promoter 334, ISA3 driver sequence 316, OsUbi intron 304, inverted ISA3 driver sequence 317 and the NOS 3′ polyadenylation sequence 384. Replacement of the PacI-XmaI fragment of pAG2004 with the PacI-XmaI fragments of constructs pAL409-GWDko1, pAL409-GWDko2, pAL409-DSPko1 and pAL409-ISA3ko1 produced the plasmids pAG2100 [SEQ ID NO: 187], pAG2101 [SEQ ID NO: 188], pAG2102 [SEQ ID NO: 189] and pAG2103 [SEQ ID NO: 190], respectively.

Example 5 Sorghum RNAi Construct

A draft of the genomic sequence corresponding to the putative GWD gene from Sorghum bicolor [SEQ ID NO: 191] was obtained through the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Sorghum bicolor Home Page (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Sorbi1/Sorbi1.home.html). From this sequence, a region corresponding roughly to the GWD2 region of the rice gene [SEQ ID NO: 192] was identified. In sorghum, the coding sequences in this region are interrupted by one or more introns, as identified by JGI, and the introns are at approximately nucleotides 140-342, nucleotides 507-628 and nucleotides 723-795 in [SEQ ID NO: 192]. A native intron derived from the sorghum genome was utilized in assembling an RNAi cassette for knocking down the GWD gene from sorghum. A portion of the sorghum GWD gene was amplified. The portion amplified included one full exon (based on the JGI prediction) in the highly conserved middle region (described earlier, see FIG. 7, the adjacent intron, and 10 bases of the subsequent exon (to preserve the 3′ intron/exon boundary). An XmaI site was incorporated upstream of the first exon, and AgeI and NheI sites were incorporated downstream of the truncated second exon during PCR amplification of this product. This product (SbGWDko2a) was first ligated into pCRBluntII TOPO (Invitrogen), and its composition was confirmed via multiple restriction enzyme digests and sequencing.

>SbGWDko2a (with flanking restriction sites) [SEQ ID NO: 193] GGTTCAATAACCCGGGAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAG ATGATCTTGAGAATATGTACAGAACTTATCCTCAGTACAGAGAGATACTA AGAATGATAATGGCTGCTGTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGACGTTGGTCA ACGCATTCGTGATGAGATATTAGTAATACAGGTAAAACTGATGGTCCTTG GTGAATATACAGTTATTTTCGTTCATTGCTCTGCTGAATTGAGCAGTTGG TAGTGCTCATCCAAAACGTAGACATTGTCAACAATAAAATGTTTGGTGTG TTACAGAGAAATACCGGTGCAAAGCTAGCATGATGGAAGAATGG

A second PCR product (SbGWDko2b), corresponding to only the first exon mentioned above, was also amplified by PCR with flanking NheI and XmaI sites introduced at the 5′ and 3′ ends (relative to the direction of transcription), and ligated into pCRBluntII TOPO. The composition of this fragment was also confirmed via multiple restriction enzyme digests and sequencing.

>SbGWDko2b (with flanking restriction sites) [SEQ ID NO: 194] GGTTCAATAAGCTAGCAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAG ATGATCTTGAGAATATGTACAGAACTTATCCTCAGTACAGAGAGATACTA AGAATGATAATGGCTGCTGTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGACGTTGGTCA ACGCATTCGTGATGAGATATTAGTAATACAGCCCGGGCTGATGGTCC

Next SbGWDko2b was excised from pCRBlunt II as an NheI-XmaI fragment, and ligated into the NheI and AgeI sites of the plasmid carrying SbGWDko2a, positioning SbGWDko2b downstream of the intron and in the opposite orientation of SbGWDko2a. In this orientation, sequences in the sbGWDko2b portion of the plasmid are presented as an inverted complement of sequences within the sbGWDko2a portion. Referring to FIG. 8, this entire cassette was excised as an XmaI-NheI fragment and ligated into pAL409j, resulting in the plasmid pAL409j SbGWDko2 [SEQ ID NO: 218]. pAL409j carries an RNAi cassette targeting the GWD gene of Sorghum bicolor. The driver sequence 510 (sbGWDko2a) is illustrated in FIG. 8 upstream of the intron 520 (sbGWDi), which is illustrated upstream of the driver sequence 530 (sbGWDko2b). pAL409j differs from pAL409 only in that the junction between the OsUbi3 promoter and the OsUbi3i intron have been modified to reflect their native context in the rice genome. As such, this orientation may preserve the enhancer functions of OsUbi3i with respect to the OsUbi3 promoter. As shown in FIG. 8, two inverted, homologous driver sequences derived from an exon within the sorghum GWD gene (GWDex) are separated by a native sorghum GWD exon (SbGWDi). Other elements are named as in FIG. 2.

The entire RNAi cassette from pAL409j SbGWDko2 was then excised as a PacI-XmaI fragment and ligated into the Pad and XmaI sites of pAG2004, producing the Agrobacterium transformation vector pAG2106 [SEQ ID NO: 195] in a manner similar to that described in reference to FIG. 6. An E. coli strain carrying pAG2106 was used for conjugation to Agrobacterium and subsequent transformation of sorghum.

Example 6 Sequencing of the Switchgrass GWD Gene(s)

Homologues for GWD and ISA3 were detected in the switchgrass genome and the number of homologues that are present for each were estimated using a Southern blotting strategy. Results with the Southern blot using the rice ISA3 probe are shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 shows detection of ISA3 homologues via Southern blot. Genomic DNA was extracted from rice, sorghum, maize, and switchgrass, digested with HindIII, and separated via agarose gel electrophoresis. DNAs were subsequently transferred to nylon membranes via capillary blotting, and the blots probed with DIG-labeled DNA derived from the cloned rice ISA3 gene. Whereas the probe hybridized to only single fragments in rice and sorghum, the same probe hybridized to 3-5 fragments in the maize and switchgrass genomes. The control was plasmid DNA carrying the rice ISA3 coding sequence; and the marker was DNA molecular weight standards. Similar results were obtained when the rice GWD2 fragment was used as a probe (not shown). It was determined that, unlike rice and sorghum, which contain only single copies of GWD and ISA3, switchgrass contains multiple homologues of each of these genes.

A portion of the switchgrass GWD gene was identified and clones using a degenerate PCR approach. Degenerate PCR employs oligonucleotide primers with one or more ambiguous bases that allow the primers to anneal to template sequences for which only approximate sequence information is available. That is, in regions of strong sequence conservation between genes of widely divergent species, one can infer the range of possible sequences that might be present in the corresponding gene from an under-characterized species such as switchgrass. One can then design degenerate primers that will anneal to the predicted sequences, permitting PCR amplification and cloning of a portion of the gene in question.

Pursuing the degenerate PCR strategy, portions of the GWD genes derived from rice, sorghum, maize, and tomato were aligned. The strongest alignments occurred in the region of the GWD genes that was described in FIG. 7. Short (˜40 nt) regions near the extremities of these regions of homology were selected for a more detailed sequence comparison (FIG. 10). FIG. 10 illustrates alignment of excerpts from the GWD genes of rice (OsGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 24 (top) and 28 (bottom)], sorghum (SbGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 25 (top) and 29 (bottom)], maize (ZmGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 198 (top) and 202 (bottom)], and tomato (SlGWD) [SEQ ID NOS: 199 (top) and 203 (bottom)]. Nucleotide positions that are conserved in at least two of the four sequences are highlighted in light gray and underlined. Beneath each set is presented the consensus sequence to which degenerate primers (dgGWDup2 and dgGWDdown2 [SEQ ID NOS: 204 and 205, respectively]) were designed for PCR amplification. Note that only partial sequence is available for the maize homologue, with a region of unknown sequence represented by Ns. The four sequences aligned in the top segment correspond to the portion of the GWD coding sequences that can be found from nucleotides 1803-1840 of the tomato coding sequence (as defined in FIG. 7), while the alignments in the bottom segment correspond to nucleotides 2208-2249 of the tomato sequence. Nucleotide abbreviations for degenerate nucleotides are as follows: Y, C or T; W, A or T; K, G or T; R, A or G, M, A or C; H, A or C or T; S, G or C; D, A or G or T. From this information, degenerate primers were designed (dgGWDup2: 5′-TGGAATTYTTGTWTGGATKAGRTTCATGGCTACMAGGCA-3′ [SEQ ID NO: 204] and dgGWDdown2:5′GGYTCWGAATGRATMGSWCGRTCA TARCTCAADAGACGCTCT-3′ [SEQ ID NO: 205]). Genomic DNA that had been isolated from sorghum was then used as a template in PCR reactions with these primers. Degenerate PCR with sorghum genomic DNA as a template gave rise to an approximately 800 bp PCR product. Sequencing of this PCR product revealed that it closely matched the sequence that was predicted for the sorghum GWD gene by the JGI database (see above), which indicated that the degenerate primers would reliably amplify a segment of the GWD gene.

The same primers were then used in PCR reactions that used switchgrass (ecotype Alamo) genomic DNA as a template. These reactions produced discrete PCR products of approximately 1100 bp. These products were ligated into pCRBluntII TOPO and five of the resulting plasmids were sequenced. From these five sequences, it was determined that:

-   -   Each cloned PCR product was derived from a gene with very strong         homology to the rice GWD gene     -   Among the five sequenced products, there were clearly three         classes of (highly homologous) sequences, suggesting that the         clones were derived from three different GWD homologues within         the switchgrass genome. This observation agrees with the data         from Southern blots that suggested multiple GWD genes reside         within the switchgrass genome.     -   The main differences in the sizes of the products that arose         from degenerate PCR of sorghum and switchgrass can be attributed         to differences in the lengths of the putative introns in each of         the respective genes.

Referring to FIG. 11, a comparison of relative length and positioning of introns within the core homology segment of GWD genes from rice, sorghum, Arabidopsis, and switchgrass is illustrated. Dark boxes represent exons, and light boxes represent introns. Exon sequences are very well conserved and easily recognized. While the relative positions of each of the introns is also well conserved across species, the length and sequence of the introns is not well conserved. Lengths of the introns and exons are indicated in by within each element.

As shown below, an alignment of the sequences from three of the switchgrass-derived degenerate PCR products, demonstrates that relatively few single nucleotide changes and two somewhat lengthier insertions/deletions distinguish these three GWD homologues in this region. These three products are PvGWD-2 [SEQ ID NO: 206], PvGWD-5 [SEQ ID NO: 207] and PvGWD-1 [SEQ ID NO: 208].

CLUSTAL 2.0.10 multiple sequence alignment PvGWD-2 TGGAATTCTTGTTTGGATGAGATTCATGGCTACCAGGCAACTAACATGGAATAAGAACTA   60 PvGWD-5 TGGAATTCTTGTTTGGATTAGGTTCATGGCTACCAGGCAACTAACATGGAATAAGAACTA   60 PvGWD-1 TGGAATTTTTGTTTGGATGAGATTCATGGCTACAAGACAACTGACATGGAATAAGAACTA   60 ******* ********** ** *********** ** ***** ***************** PvGWD-2 TAATGTGAAGCCCCGGTATATACCTGTCTTTATCATTTACTTCAGTGATGTTTACTCTCT  120 PvGWD-5 TAATGTGAAGCCCCGGTATATACCTGTCTTTATCATTTACTTCAGTGATGTTTACTCTCT  120 PvGWD-1 TAATGTGAAGCCACGGTATATACCTGTCTTTATTATTTACTTCAGTAATGTTTACTCTCT  120 ************ ******************** ************ ************* PvGWD-2 GCTTAAAAATTTAAAGAATCTGAAGCTGTCCTTTTCTTTTGTGCGGGAACATAATTGAGA  180 PvGWD-5 GCTTAAAAATTTAAAGAATCTGAAGCTGTCCTTTTCTTTTGTGCGGGAACATATTTGAGA  180 PvGWD-1 GCTTTAAAAGTTAAAGAATCAGAAGTTGTCCCTTTCTTTTGTGCGGGAACATAATTGAAA  180 **** **** ********** **** ***** ********************* **** * PvGWD-2 AATTGGTGTTTTTGCCACTACTTCATGATGCAATTGTAATTTTTCCCTCATTTTTTTCAA  240 PvGWD-5 AATTGGTGTTTTTGCCACTACTTCATGATGCAATTGTAATTTTTCCCTCATTTTTTTCAA  240 PvGWD-1 AGTTGGTGTTCTTGCCACTAC---------------------------------------  201 * ******** ********** PvGWD-2 CTTTGTGATTTTGCCCTTTACTATTCACAAGTCAACGCAATTTTGCTCCTGTTTTGACCG  300 PvGWD-5 CTTTGTGATTTTGCCCTTTACTATTCACAAGTCAACGCAATTTTGCTCCTGTTTTGACCG  300 PvGWD-1 ----------------------------AAGTCAACGCGATTTTACCCCT-CGTCAACGG  232                             ********** ***** * ***   *  ** * PvGWD-2 TTGACTGAG-GGAAAAATCGCGTTAACTTGTGAATAGTAAGTGCAAAATTGCAAAGTTGA  359 PvGWD-5 TTGACTGAG-GGAAAAATCGCGTTAACTTGTGAATAGTAAGTGCAAAATTGCAAAGTTGA  359 PvGWD-1 TCAAAACAGTAGCAAAATCGCGTTGACTTGTGAATAGTAAGGGCAAA-TCACAAAGTTGG  291 *  *   **  * *********** **************** ***** *  ******** PvGWD-2 AAAAAACAAGGACAAAATCACAATTGCACTGCAAAGTAGGGGTGGAAACACAAATGCCCC  419 PvGWD-5 AAAAAACAAGGACAAAATCACAATTGCACTGCAAAGTAGGGGTGGAAACACAAATGCCCC  419 PvGWD-1 AAAAAACAAGGACAAAATCACAATTGCACTGCAAAGTAGTCGCGGAAACACAAATGCCCC  351 ***************************************  * ***************** PvGWD-2 AAAATAATTTGGCTGTTTGTCCTGATAGAAAACAATACAATTCAGTACTCAGAGAATATT  479 PvGWD-5 AAAATAATTTGGCTGTTTGTCCTGATAGAAAACAATACAATTCAGTACTAAGAGAATATT  479 PvGWD-1 AAAATAATTTGGCTGTTTGTCCTGATAAAAAACAATACAATTCAGTACTCAGAGAATATT  411 *************************** ********************* ********** PvGWD-2 ATATTTCTATAAATGAAAAACATAACTCATGTCACATTCTTT--------GGCATCTCAT  531 PvGWD-5 ATATTTCTATAAATGAAAAACATAACTCATGTCACATTCTTT--------GGCATCTCAT  531 PvGWD-1 ATATTTCTATAAATGAAAAACATAACTCATGTCGCATTCTTTCATTCTTTGGCATCTCAT  471 ********************************* ********        ********** PvGWD-2 ATCGATCAATAACTATGCAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAGATGATCTT  591 PvGWD-5 ATCGATCAATAACTATGCAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAGATGATCTT  591 PvGWD-1 ATTGATTAATAACTACGCAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAGATGATCTT  531 ** *** ******** ******************************************** PvGWD-2 GAGAACATGTACAAAGCTTATCCTCAGTGCAGAGAGATATTAAGAATGATAATGGCTGCT  651 PvGWD-5 GAGAACATGTACAAAGCTTATCCTCAGTGCAGAGAGATATTAAGAATGATAATGGCTGCT  651 PvGWD-1 GAGAACATGTACAAAGCTTATCCTCAGTACAGAGAGATATTAAGAATGATAATGGCTGCT  591 **************************** ******************************* PvGWD-2 GTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTTGGTCAACGTATTCGTGATGAGATATTAGTAATA  711 PvGWD-5 GTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTTGGTCAACGTATTCGAGATGAGATATTAGTAATA  711 PvGWD-1 GTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTTGGTCAACGTATTCGTGATGAGATATTAGTAATA  651 ***************************************** ****************** PvGWD-2 CAGGTAAAATTAATGGTCCTAGGTGAATATACACTTACTTTTATTCATTGCTTCACCGAA  771 PvGWD-5 CAGGTAAAATTAATGGTCCTAGGTGAATATACACTTACTTTTATTCATTGCTTCACTGAA  771 PvGWD-1 CAGGTAAAATTAATGGTCCTAGGTGAATATACACCTACTTTTATTCATTGCTTCACTGAA  711 ********************************** ********************* *** PvGWD-2 TTATACGGTTGGTAGTTCTCATCCAAAAGATAGACATTGTGAATAATAATAAAATGCTTG  831 PvGWD-5 TTATACGGTTGGTAGTTCTCATCCAAAAGATAGACATTGTGAATAATAATAAAATGCTTG  831 PvGWD-1 TTATACGGTTGGTAGTTCTGATCCAAAAGATAGACATTGTGAATAATAATAAAATGCTTG  771 ******************* **************************************** PvGWD-2 CTGCTTTAATAGAGAAATAATGACTGCAAAGGTGGAATGATGGAAGAATGGCACCAGAAA  891 PvGWD-5 CTGCTTTAATAGAGAAATAATGACTGCAAAGGTGGAATGATGGAAGAATGGCACCAGAAA  891 PvGWD-1 CTGCTTTTATAGAGAAATAATGACTGCAAAGGTGGAATGATGGAAGAATGGCACCAGAAA  831 ******* **************************************************** PvGWD-2 TTGCACAACAATACAAGCCCAGATGATGTAGTGATATGCCAGGTAATGGATATTTTGAAT  951 PvGWD-5 TTGCACAACAATACAAGCCCAGATGATGTAGTGATATGCCAGGTAATGGATATTTTGAAT  951 PvGWD-1 TTGCACAACAATACAAGCCCAGATGATGTAGTGATATGCCAGGTATTGGATATTTTGAAT  891 ********************************************* ************** PvGWD-2 TCTTAATACAGTAAGTATTTAAGCATTGAGGTTTTCATGGTTATGTCTCTCCTTGGGCAG 1011 PvGWD-5 TCTTAATACAGTAAGTATTTAAGCATTGAGGTTTTCATGGTTATGTCTCTCCTTGGGCAG 1011 PvGWD-1 TCTTAATACTGTAAGTATTTAAGCATTGAGGTTTTTATGGTTATGTCTCTCCTTGGGCAG  951 ********* ************************* ************************ PvGWD-2 GCACTAATTGATTATATCAAGAGTGATTTTGATATAAGTGTTTACTGGGACACCTTGAAC 1071 PvGWD-5 GCACTAATTGATTATATCAAGAGTGATTTTGATATAAGTGTTTACTGGGACACCTTGAAC 1071 PvGWD-1 GCATTAATTGATTATATCAAGAGTGATTTTGATATAAGTGTTTACTGGGACACCTTGAAC 1011 *** ******************************************************** PvGWD-2 AAAAATGGCATAACCAAAGAGCGTCTCTTGAGCTATGATCGAG-CTATCCATTCAGAACC 1130 PvGWD-5 AAAAATGGCATAACCAAAGAGCGTCTATTGAGTTATGACCGTC-CGATCCATTCCAGACC 1130 PvGWD-1 AAAAATGGCATAACCAAAGAGCGTCTTTTGAGCTATGATCGTTGCTATCCATTCAGAACC 1071 ************************** ***** ***** **   * ********   ***

Sequences of the exons from the switchgrass GWD gene(s) were inferred from the above information. The inferred sequences were used to (1) develop an RNAi construct that would target this central region of one or all of the switchgrass GWD genes, and (2) determine more of the genomic sequence for each of these (at least three) GWD homologues in switchgrass.

To develop an RNAi construct, PCR was used to amplify portions from two of the exons encompassed in the degenerate PCR products described above. These two products were then fused by SOE PCR (Horton R. M., Hunt H. D., Ho S, N., Pullen J. K., Pease L. R., Engineering hybrid genes without the use of restriction enzymes: gene splicing by overlap extension (1989) Gene 77(1):61-8), which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). The fused products included a contiguous sequence that was expected to more closely match one or more of the switchgrass GWD mRNAs. NheI and XmaI sites were incorporated into the termini of the fused product to enable subsequent cloning into pAL409. The sequence of this product (called “PvGWDko2” along with the flanking restriction sites) is depicted below.

>PvGWDko2 RNAi driver sequence [SEQ ID NO: 209] GGCTAGCGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGTTTACAGATGATCTTGAGA ACATGTACAAAGCTTATCCTCAGTACAGAGAGATATTAAGAATGATAATG GCTGCTGTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTTGGTCAACGTATTCGTGA TGAGATATTAGTAATACAGGAGAAATAATGACTGCAAAGGTGGAATGATG GAAGAATGGCACCAGAAATTGCACAACAATACAAGCCCAGATGATGTAGT GATATGCCCGGGAGG

One copy of this element was ligated into the AvrII and BspEI sites of pAL409, then a second copy was ligated into the NheI and AgeI sites of the resulting plasmid, producing the RNAi cassette pAL409 PvGWDko2, which had the elements arranged in opposite orientations, separated by the OsUbi3 intron, as described in reference to FIG. 6. The RNAi cassette was excised from this plasmid as a PacI-XmaI fragment and ligated into PacI and XmaI sites of pAG2004 (FIG. 6). The resulting Agrobacterium transformation vector was named pAG2104 [SEQ ID NO: 210]. An E. coli strain carrying this plasmid was used for conjugation with Agrobacterium and subsequent transformation of switchgrass.

By learning the complete genomic sequences of each of the GWD genes in switchgrass identification of the potentially unique sequences (5′ and 3′ untranslated regions) that flank each of these genes may be possible. With this information, it may be able to design RNAi constructs that specifically target one or the other of these genes.

To identify more of the sequences associated with each of the GWD homologues, a strategy was pursued that employed inverse PCR (iPCR) as well as degenerate PCR. Genomic DNA from switchgrass was digested with either EcoRI, HindIII, or Bgl II. These were then subjected to self-ligation, diluted approximately 100-fold, and used as templates in inverse PCR reactions. The sequences of the first primers used in iPCR reactions are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Sequences of primers used for inverse PCR PvGWDi-1 CCGTGGCTTCACATTATAGTTCTTATTCCA SEQ ID  NO: 211 PvGWDi-2 GAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGATAGGT SEQ ID  NO: 212 PvGWDi-3 GCCTGCCCAAGGAGAGACATAACCA SEQ ID  NO: 213 PvGWDi-4 GATATAAGTGTTTACTGGGACACCT SEQ ID  NO: 214

Inverse PCR reactions with either primers PvGWDi-1 and PvGWDi-2 or primers PvGWDi-3 and PvGWDi-4 were carried out using the EcoRI- or HindIII-digested (and self-ligated) templates. These reactions gave rise to a small number of clear products, which were purified from agarose gels and ligated into pCRBluntII-TOPO. Sequence analysis of the resulting plasmids allowed extending the known sequence from switchgrass GWD genes at both the 5′ and 3′ ends to a total of 3.4 kb. Again, the sequences from individual clones differed by about 1-2%, consistent with the idea that the cloned PCR products were derived from separate but very similar GWD homologues in the switchgrass genome. This exercise was repeated with newly designed primers, incorporating both inverse PCR and degenerate PCR to extend the known sequence further. Approximately 7 kb of switchgrass GWD sequence was identified.

An amalgamated sequence is provided representing the switchgrass GWD gene sequences discovered herein. The sequence presented does not include all of the variations identified among the homologues. Thus, the sequence could be viewed as a chimera of these homologues. This sequence straddles a segment of approximately 1-2 kb for which there is no sequence data. This segment is represented as a string of Ns. Referring to FIG. 12, a dot matrix depiction of BLASTn alignments between switchgrass and rice genomic sequences for glucan water dikinase genes is illustrated. The horizontal axis represents the switchgrass sequence; and the vertical axis represents the rice sequence. Diagonal segments represent regions where the two sequences are highly homologous. This diagram shows the similarity of the switchgrass sequence below to the corresponding sequence of the rice GWD gene.

>switchgrass GWD homologues [SEQ ID NO: 215] GGAACGACAGTGTACAAGAACAGGGCTCTTCGGACGCCTTTTCTAAAGGTCAGTCTTGTTAC ATTATGGATCTCTTTGTTACCACAGAACAGTCTGGTTAGCAGTAATGTCCATAACTGTGCAGT CAGGAGGTGATAACTCCACGCTTAGAATTGAGATAGATGATCCTGCGGTGCAAGCTATTGAA TTTCTCATCTTTGATGAGACACAGAACAAATGGTAACCCAGCTGTTTTCGTTACCATGTAGCA CTGTTTGTTTGTTTGAATGCAAAAGGTATATAAACTATGCAAAACTCTACATTGCACAGGTTT AAAAATAATGGCCAGAATTTTCAAATTCAGCTCCAATCGAGCCACCATCATGGTAGTGGCGC ATCTGGTGCCTCATCTTCTGCTACTTCTGCCTTGGTGCCAGAGGATCTTGTGCAGATCCAAG CTTACCTACGGTGGGAAAGAAATGGAAAGCAGTCATACACACCGGAGCAAGAAAAGGAAAG CTTTTAGTTGTTTTTTTTTATCTTCAGTCTGGAAGGAACTCAATGTACTAAGTTGATTAAAAA TAAGAGGTGGTGTATTTTTTCTCCAGGAGGAGTATGAAGCTGCACGAGCTGAGTTAATAGAA GAATTAAATAGAGGTGTTTCTTTGGAGAAGCTTCGAGCTAAATTGACAAAAGCACCTGAAGT GCCCGACTCAGATGAAAATGATTCTCCTGCATCTCAAATTACTGTTGATAAAATTCCAGAGG ACCTTGTACAAGTCCAGGCTTATATAAGGTGGGAGAAAGCAGGCAAGCCAAACTATCCTCCT GAGAAGCAACTGGTAATGCATTGATTCAATAGCGTAAAATACCTTGTTGGCTTTACACTTTAT GGAGGTTCTTATCTCACAATTCGCTAGGTCGAGTTTGAGGAAGCAAGGAAGGAACTGCAGG CTGAGGTGGACAAGGGAATCTCGATTGATCAGTTGAGGAAGAAGATTTTGAAAGGAAACATT GAGAGTAAAGTTTCGAAGCAGCTGAAGAATAAGAAGTACTTCTCTGTAGAAAGGATTCAGCG CAAAAAGAGAGATATCATGCAGATTCTTAGTAAACATAAGCATACTGTCATAGAAGAGCAAG CAGAGGTTGCACCAAAACAACTAACTGTTCTTGATCTCTTCACCAATTCATTACAGAAGGAT GGCTTTGAAGTTCTAAGCAAAAAACTGTTCAAGTTCGGTGATAAACAGATCCTGGTTAGGAT CCTTAAGATATTCTTTGTATCTCCAGATCTTTTTCTACCATGCTAATTAAGCTTCTCTCTTCTT AAGGCAATCTCCACCAAGGTTCTAAACAAATCAAAAGTTTACTTGGCAACAAATCATACGGA GCCACTTATCCTTCACTGGTCACTAGCGAAAAAGGCTGGAGAGTGGAAGGTTAAATTTCAAA ATTGTTTCCAGTAGTTAAAGCCACAAACTCAGCAGCTTTTTTAAACACTGCTATCAGTACCAA TGCGGTGTTATTTAACTGTGCAGGCACCTCCTTCAAACATATTGCCATCTGGTTCAAAATTGT TAGACATGGCATGCGAAACTGAATTTACTAAGTCTGAATTGGATGGTTTGCATTATCAGGTG GAAATAACATCTTCAACCTGTTATTTTATTCTTATTTTTATTAGCCCTCCTGCTATCTCAAGGC TCTTAATTTCCAGGTTGTTGAGATAGAGCTTGATGATGGAGGATATAAAGGGATGCCATTCG TTCTTCGGTCTGGTGAAATGTGGATAAAAAATAATGGCTCTGATTTTTACCTTGATCTCAGCA CCCGTGATACCAGAAATATTAAGGCAAGTGTTTCTGTCCATTTTACCTTTCAAACTTTAAACT ATTGTCTTTGTTTTGTCTATGCAACTAGTCGCTAAATTGTGAAGTAACCGATCTGTTCTTAAT TGAAGGACACTGGTGATGCTGGTAAAGGTACTGCTAAGGCATTGCTGGAAAGAATAGCAGA GCTGGAGGAAGATGCCCAGCGATCTCTTATGCACAGGTCAGGCACTAAAATATCCATAATAA TATGACTGAATTTTACATGGAAAATTCTCCTAAACTACTTCTACTCCTTGACAGATTCAACAT TGCAGCAGATCTAGTTGACCAAGCCAGAGATGCTGGACTATTGGGTATTGTTGGACTTTTTG TTTGGATTAGATTCATGGCTACAAGACAACTGACATGGAATAAGAACTATAATGTGAAGCCA CGGTATATACCTGTCTTTATTATTTACTTCAGTAATGTTTACTCTCTGCTTTAAAAGTTAAAGA ATCAGAAGTTGTCCCTTTCTTTTGTGCGGGAACATAATTGAAAAGTTGGTGTTCTTGCCACTA CAAGTCAACGCGATTTTACCCCTCGTCAACGGTCAAAACAGTAGCAAAATCGCGTTGACTTG TGAATAGTAAGGGCAAATCACAAAGTTGGAAAAAACAAGGACAAAATCACAATTGCACTGCA AAGTAGTCGCGGAAACACAAATGCCCCAAAATAATTTGGCTGTTTGTCCTGATAAAAAACAA TACAATTCAGTACTCAGAGAATATTATATTTCTATAAATGAAAAACATAACTCATGTCGCATT CTTTCATTCTTTGGCATCTCATATTGATTAATAACTACGCAGTGAGATAAGCAAAGCACAAGA TAGGTTTACAGATGATCTTGAGAACATGTACAAAGCTTATCCTCAGTACAGAGAGATATTAA GAATGATAATGGCTGCTGTTGGTCGTGGAGGTGAAGGTGATGTTGGTCAACGTATTCGTGAT GAGATATTAGTAATACAGGTAAAATTAATGGTCCTAGGTGAATATACACCTACTTTTATTCAT TGCTTCACTGAATTATACGGTTGGTAGTTCTGATCCAAAAGATAGACATTGTGAATAATAATA AAATGCTTGCTGCTTTTATAGAGAAATAATGACTGCAAAGGTGGAATGATGGAAGAATGGCA CCAGAAATTGCACAACAATACAAGCCCAGATGATGTAGTGATATGCCAGGTATTGGATATTT TGAATTCTTAATACTGTAAGTATTTAAGCATTGAGGTTTTTATGGTTATGTCTCTCCTTGGGC AGGCATTAATTGATTATATCAAGAGTGATTTTGATATAAGTGTTTACTGGGACACCTTGAACA AAAATGGCATAACCAAAGAGCATCTCTTGAGCTATGATCGTGCGATTCATTCAGAACCAAAT TTCAGAAGTGAACAGAAGGAGGGTTTACTCCATGACCTGGGTAATTACATGAGAAGCCTGAA GGTATGTAAAACACTTAATATGGATATAAAAAAAGGCATGCAAAAAAATCTGTGCATTATCTT TGAAATTGAGTATGGTATTTTCTAAAGAAAACATAGAAAAACACATATTGCCCTTTCAGTTCC GGAAAAAAATGATCTGCCATAAAGAGCATACAGTCAACTCATGTATTAGCACTCGCCTTTTC TGCTAATGGTATGTTGTGTTGTGTTCTGTTCTATTCAATATATGCTTTCAGTAATAATATTCTA GTGTTGACAACATCATTGCTCACAACATACAGAAACTGTAGTATGCCCGGTACAGTATGAAC TTGTCCTTGAGTCTCCTCATTTTTTCCTTATTCACGTCACAGCTTTATATCCTTCCAATGAATA ATGATCAACTTGGAAATCATTGGCATCTACAGTGAACCGTCCATTGTATTCTGATTTTGAACA ACTTTTTTTCCCCTCAGAACACACAGTAATAGCCAAGTATAACGACCTTACATGGCCAAAACA ACAACCTTACATGGCCAAAATAGCCAGGTAAGGGACAGAAGAAGAGAGAGGGTTGCCCTGC GGCAGATGTGGACAATGACTGATGATGTGGCTGTCCCAGTTATCAAAACAGGCAAATCCACT GTTCATGTGGCCNAAGCCAGTAATGAGCTGGTTTTGGGAAACCCTGGGGGATTGAGTAAAC AATTAGAGGGTTATGTGGATTTGGTCATAGTTGGGGGTAGGAATTTGGAAATTTCCCTTTTG CTTGATAATTATGTTAGTCAAGAGATTAGACAAGTATTGTTAGGAGTTTGTTTCAGCTGGTTG AGATTGGATTTGGTTTCTTAGGTGATTGGTTAGTGCTACCCTTGCTCTATAATTGGGGATTTG CTTTTAATAAAGAAAGCAGAAATAAACCCAATCCTTCTCCGGTTCTCCCTCTTTTGTCCGATG TTTGCAGATGCGGCCACTGATAAGGTCCAGGTCCATGTCCTCCCATCAACCACACACACATA CAGCCTAAGATCTAATTCACCCCAGGACACCCAAGCTCGTGAAAATATACCATGTCATCCCA CTATTCATACTTTTTTTAAAAAAATCCCACTAATCCTGCAAATGTCCTAATATAAGAACAACA TCATTTTCAGTCATGTTGTACCTTTTCTTGGTGACAAAAAGAAGACATCCATTTCATCTCTTT TTAAGGGGCATTTTCTCATCGTTTCTGCAATTGAATATTCTTTCCCTGATGTAATCTTTGAAT GAATGCTATTGTGATTTGCTCATTCTGTTAGGCTGTGCATTCTGGTGCTGATCTTGAGTCTGC TATAGCAACTTGCATGGGATACAAATCGGAGGTATCATTCTCATTCCTTTTCATTCCGCTAGA ATTCTTTAGATACCTGTGCTCATATCTAATGAACTAACTTTTGGGTACAGGGTGAAGGTTTCA TGGTCGGTGTTCAGATCAATCCAGTGAAGGGTTTGCCATCTGGATTTCCTGTAAAAATCCCT CACCTTCTTTTCTCAACACATGTACTTTCTAAGTTTCTTATACTTGTGACATTTACCTTTATAG GAATTGCTCAAATTTGTGCTTGACCATGTTGAGGACAAGTCAGCGGAACCACTTCTTGAGGT CAGTGATATAATCGAAGTTCCTGTTTGTAATAAAACGAAGAGAAGAAGCTGGGTTTTTCATC ACAACTCAAATAATCAGATCTCACATAGCTGATTGAATTTTTAAACCACCATTTTTTGCGGNT ACTATGNGAATCACTTGTTGCTAACAAAATGCTACCTTGNAGGGGNNGGTGGAAGCTCNAG TTGAACTCCNCCCTNNNCTTCNTGNTTCACCNGNACGCATGAAAGAANNTATTTTTTTGGN CATTGCNCCTGATTCNACTTTTANGACAGCTATNGAAAGGNCATATGANGAGCTCCNCCAT GGANNCCCCGANGNTGGGCNCCCNAATATTGNCCCCATGATNNGNNNNANGNNNAGNNC CNNNANNNNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNTNNNNNANANNNNGNNTNNNNNANNNNNNNNNN NNGNNNNNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNAANNNNNNNNNN NNNNANNNCCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNC NNNNNNAANNNNNNNNNATNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNN NNNNNNNNNNNCNNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTNNNNNNNNANNNNCAACNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNCCNNNNNNNNNGNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNAN NNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNN GNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNNNNTNNANNNCNNNNANTANNCNNN NNNNNNTNNNNGNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGANNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NAGNNNTNNNANNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNGNNNTNNNNNNNNNNNNNGNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNTNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGNNNNNNTNNNNNNNNGNNNNNN NNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTNACNNNNNNNNNNNNNTCNCNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGGCNTNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNTNNNNNN CNNNNNCNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNTGNNNNNNCNNN NNNNNNNNNCANNNCNNNNGNAGATCTCGGAGAGTGAACTTCAGCAATCAAGTTCTCCG GATGCAGAAGCTGGCCATGCAGTACCATCTATTTCATTGGTCAATAAGAAGTTTCTTGGAAA ATATGCAATATCAGCTGAAGAATTCTCTGAGGAAATGGTTAGTAATATAAAATTTTGCATTAG GAAATCTGCCATTCGTAAGGAAGTCTTGATGAAACCAATTGTTATTATGCTGGTTTCCTTTTC TTTTGGCCTTGTGCTTCTAGTACTCACTTTTATGTTTTCAGGTTGGGGCTAAGTCTCGGAATA TAGCATACCTCAAAGGAAAAGTACCTTCGTGGGTTGGTGTCCCAACATCAGTTGCGATACCA TTTGGCACTTTTGAGAAGGTTTTATCAGATGGGCTTAATAAGGTTGGTTGGTGGTTTATTTTG ATGTATATACTTGAATAATAGAACTGCATGGTTCTTGGAGAAGTCAGATTCTTTAACATGTTT GAAATACACTACTGGGAAGGTAACAACGTGCAATTTAATGTCCACCAATATCTAAACAGCCA TTTTTGGCATTCAATTCACTATATATTTTATTTCATGAGCCTGCTCTATAAGTAGCGTCTTCA GTAGTTGTAGCTCATAGCTTCATAGTCTCATTCTACCATGAACTAATTTTGCTAACTTACATC TACTCTTGAAATAAGTAATACTTGTATATTATTATCTTTGATTGTAAAAGAACTTCCCTTGCTC GTTTGTCAAGGTGTCTTTTAGACAGGAGATGGAATTGACTGTTATCAAAGCAAATGATAACA AGAAACCTCTTGTTGATTGGTTGAGCAGTTTCAACTAATCCATTTTTTTTTCTTTTTGGCATG TGATCTTTGTATTATTGGCCCAAATGAAATTCTATTTCTCCCATTAACCACCCACAATGGCAG GTTTGGGTACATATAGGCCAACCATGGGTAGGTGGCTTAAAAGTTGAGTAAAGCATAATTGG GGATAAGGTGCACATAGGCACGGACCACCCACAGACAAAGTGCTTGCAGGCACTACTAATA CATTATTCTATCACCATCAGGATTCAATTCTAACATGTACTGTTTCTTCTTTTTCTTCTTTGTA CAGTTCCTGTATAGACCCTTTTGTACAGTTTCCTAACAAATGAAAAAGATCAGTAGGAGACC CTCTTCTCCTGTTCCACAAAAAATGTTAAAATGGTCTTTCTAATATTTGATTGTTCTTTCTTTT ATGGCAGGAAGAGCGCAAAACATAGAAAAGCTT

Example 7 Cloning ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi Silencing Cassettes

The gene-specific inverted repeats within silencing cassettes ZmGWD1 and ZmGWD2 in the initial vectors pAG4102 and pAG4103 were selected in two independent regions of the maize ZmGWD cDNA (Maize GDB, Accession No. GRMZM2G412611). The 497 bp ZmGWD1 repeat sequence, which was used in construction of the pAG4102 vector, corresponds to position 389-885 nt at 5′ end of the predicted maize GWD cDNA. The ZmGWD1 has two nucleotide mismatches (positions 449 and 483) comparing to the ZmGWD cDNA, which derived from the expressed sequence tag (EST) assembly TC458260 (The Gene Index Database) representing maize GWD expressed sequence.

ZmGWD1 (SEQ ID NO: 49) TCCTCCCGTC CAGAAAACCT GATGGAACGA CAGTGTACAA GAACAGGGCT CTCAGGACAC  60 CTTTTGTAAA GTCAGGTGAT AACTCCACTC TAAGGATTGA GATAGATGAT CCTGGGGTGC 120 ACGCCATTGA GTTCCTCATC TTTGACGAGA CACAGAACAA ATGGTTTAAA AACAATGGCC 180 AGAATTTTCA GGTTCAGTTC CAGTCGAGCC GCCATCAGGG TACTGGTGCA TCTGGTGCCT 240 CCTCTTCTGC TACTTCTACC TTGGTGCCAG AGGATCTTGT GCAGATCCAA GCTTACCTTC 300 GGTGGGAAAG AAGGGGAAAG CAGTCATACA CACCAGAGCA AGAAAAGGAG GAGTATGAAG 360 CTGCACGAGC TGAGTTAATA GAGGAAGTAA ACAGAGGTGT TTCTTTAGAG AAGCTTCGAG 420 CTAAATTGAC AAAAGCACCT GAAGCACCCG AGTCGGATGA AAGTAAATCT TCTGCATCTC 480 GAGTGCCCAT CGGTAAA 497

The 540 bp ZmGWD2 repeat sequence, which was used in construction of the pAG4103 vector, corresponds to position 2986-3525 nt of the predicted maize GWD cDNA. The ZmGWD2 sequence spans over a nucleotide triplet encoding Hys1072 that has been proposed to be a crucial amino acid residue in phosphorylation activity of the GWD protein (Mikkelsen, 2004).

ZmGWD2 (SEQ ID NO: 50) CTTCTGAACC GATTTGATCC TGTTTTAAGG AATGTTGCTC ACCTCGGAAG TTGGCAGGTT  60 ATAAGCCCGG TTGAAGTATC AGGTTATGTG GTTGTGGTTG ATGAGTTACT TGCTGTCCAG 120 AACAAATCTT ATGATAAACC AACCATCCTT GTGGCAAAGA GTGTCAAGGG AGAGGAAGAA 180 ATACCAGATG GAGTAGTTGG TGTAATTACA CCTGATATGC CAGATGTTCT GTCTCATGTG 240 TCAGTCCGAG CAAGGAATAG CAAGGTACTG TTTGCGACCT GTTTTGACCA CACCACTCTA 300 TCTGAACTTG AAGGATATGA TCAGAAACTG TTTTCCTTCA AGCCTACTTC TGCAGATATA 360 ACCTATAGGG AGATCACAGA GAGTGAACTT CAGCAATCAA GTTCTCCAAA TGCAGAAGTT 420 GGCCATGCAG TACCATCTAT TTCATTGGCC AAGAAGAAAT TTCTTGGAAA ATATGCAATA 480 TCAGCCGAAG AATTCTCTGA GGAAATGGTT GGGGCCAAGT CTCGGAATAT AGCATACCTC 540

Prior to pAG4102 and pAG4103 vector construction, both ZmGWD1 and ZmGWD2 sequences were checked for potential intron splicing sites with only one such site identified in ZmGWD1 (AAAGGAGGAGT: SEQ ID NO: 152). This sequence was left intact for pAG4102 vector construction.

The spacer region ZmAdh1i6 in ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi silencing cassettes (corresponding vectors pAG4102 and pAG4103) represents 342 bp sequence of the predicted intron 6 of the maize Adh1 gene (Gene Bank Accession No. X04049). This intronic sequence was cloned into silencing cassettes with its native gene coding flanking sequences consisting of either of 11 bp at 5′ end or 10 bp at 3′ end of the intron. The flanking sequences were included to ensure efficient post-transcriptional intron splicing. The flanking sequences are shown in capital letters in ZmAdh1i6.

ZmAdhli6 (SEQ ID NO: 51) ATTCGAAGAA Ggtacagtac acacacatgt atatatgtat gatgtatccc ttcgatcgaa  60 ggcatgcctt ggtataatca ctgagtagtc attttattac tttgttttga caagtcagta 120 gttcatccat ttgtcccatt ttttcagctt ggaagtttgg ttgcactggc acttggtcta 180 ataactgagt agtcatttta ttacgttgtt tcgacaagtc agtagctcat ccatctgtcc 240 cattttttca gctaggaagt ttggttgcac tggccttgga ctaataactg attagtcatt 300 ttattacatt gtttcgacaa gtcagtagct catccatctg tcccattttt cagCTAGGAA 360 GTT 363

The parts of the ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi silencing cassettes containing inverted repeats with the spacer sequence ZmAdh1i6, were synthesized as BamHI-AvrII fragments by the GenScript CRO. The synthesized fragments were cloned between maize PepC promoter and Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (NOS) gene terminator sequences to produce pAG4102 and pAG4103 silencing vectors.

Both ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi cassettes were subsequently used for generating more complex stacked vectors by cloning silencing cassettes into T-DNA regions of the vectors that already had various expression cassettes for production of the cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs).

Example 8 Generation of Transgenic Plants

E. coli strains carrying pAG2104, pAG2105, pAG2100, pAG2101, pAG2102, pAG2103, pAG2104, pAG2106, pAG4003, pAG4102, pAG4103 or plasmid-based transformation vectors carrying constructs 2379, 2380, 4106, 4107, 4108, 4109, 4110, 4111, 4112, 4113, 4114, 4115, 4116, 4117, 4120, 4121, 4124, 4125, 4514 or 4515 were used for conjugation with Agrobacterium and subsequent transformation of rice, maize, sorghum and switchgrass.

Example 9 Suppression of mRNAs from Genes Involved in Mobilizing Vegetative Starch

To determine whether the RNAi vectors described above were exerting an effect on targeted mRNAs in transgenic plants, RNA was isolated from several control and transgenic plants, and real time reverse transcriptase PCR (real time RT-PCR, also known as real time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR) was used to measure the relative abundances of mRNA species (FIGS. 13, 14, and 15). These results confirmed that RNAi can be used to lower the level of native mRNAs in transgenic rice.

Referring to FIGS. 13, 14, and 15, these figures illustrate that RNAi vectors suppress the accumulation of targeted mRNAs in transgenic rice. Real time RT-PCR was employed to measure the abundance of different species of mRNA relative to that of reference genes (“housekeeping genes” that are nominally constitutively expressed in rice). In several of the transgenic lines, levels of the targeted mRNAs were found to be well below those seen among control plants. FIG. 13, GWD mRNA levels among plants carrying wither pAG2100 or pAG2101 and wild type (WT) controls; FIG. 14, DSP mRNA levels among plants carrying pAG2102 and WT controls; FIG. 15, ISA3 mRNA levels among plants carrying pAG2103 and WT controls.

The efficiency of GWD gene silencing in transgenic maize plants transformed with either pAG4102 or pAG4103 silencing constructs was similarly assessed by RT-qPCR. Green leaf material of transgenic and untransformed maize plants was sampled at the dusk, when the highest expression levels of the GWD gene is observed in monocots (Agrivida unpublished data). Collected leaf material was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and transferred to a −80° C. freezer for the storage prior to RNA isolation. The total RNA isolation was performed from 0.1-0.2 g of the frozen maize leaf tissues using TRIZol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the instructions supplied by the manufacturer with minor modifications. In order to remove any residual amounts of the maize genomic DNA in RNA preparations, 10 micrograms of the total RNA that was extracted with TRIZol from each sample were subsequently digested with DNase using the TURBO DNA-free Kit (Applied Biosystems/Ambion). The DNase-treated RNA samples were further purified with the RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit (QIAGEN) and 1 microgram of the purified RNA was subjected to cDNA synthesis using iScript Reverse Transcriptase (Bio-Rad) as described in the protocol provided by the manufacturer. All cDNA samples were diluted 1:50 with nuclease-free water. One microliter of the diluted cDNA sample (equavalent to 1 ng of the total RNA that was used for cDNA synthesis) was subjected to the qPCR assay with iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) as specified in the supplied protocol. The GWD gene expression in plants that were evaluated was normalized against expression of two internal maize reference genes such as beta-Actin (GenBank Accession No. U60508) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GADPH, GenBank Accession No. X07156.1). The primers utilized in RT-qPCR analysis were designed with Primer3 software that is available online. The PCR primers are listed in Table 3:

TABLE 3 List of the primers used in RT-qPCR for analysis of maize GWD expression Annealing Product Target temperature size, gene Forward primer Reverse primer (° C.) bp GWD ob1659  ob1660  55 104 (SEQ ID NO: 153): (SEQ ID NO: 154): ATGAAGGAGACAAGCGTTGG AAGTTTCACCTTGCGTGTGC Beta- ob1555  ob1556  55 119 Actin (SEQ ID NO: 155): (SEQ ID NO: 156): CAACTGCCCAGCAATGTATG CGTAGATAGGGACGGTGTGG GADPH ob1567  ob1568 55  88 (SEQ ID NO: 157):  (SEQ ID NO: 158): CGCTGAGTATGTCGTGGAGT AACAACCTTCTTGGCACCAC

All PCR primers for GWD expression assays had been previously validated through regular RT-PCR followed by the agarose gel electrophoresis in order to check primer specificity. Furthermore, selected primers were validated by the Standard Curve Calibration and Melt Point analyses to ensure reproducible amplification results. Real-time PCR amplification reactions were performed in 12.5 microliter volume in 96-well plates in a CFX-96 instrument (Bio-Rad). A control cDNA representing untransformed plant #37 (wild type maize line A×B) was run with each experimental plate to ensure availability of a cross-reference between different qPCR runs. A no-template control (NTC) was also included with each run for every gene. Each experimental sample was run in triplicates. The thermal profile of the PCR reaction was 95° C. for 3 min activation and denaturation, followed by 40 cycles of 95° C. for 10 sec, 55° C. for 20 sec, and 72° C. for 30 sec. The quantification cycle value (Cq) for each reaction was calculated automatically by the CFX Manager Software (Version 2.1). The observed expression of the GWD gene in untransformed control plant #37 was set to “1” and GWD expression in each analyzed transgenic plant was compared to this value in order to generate relative gene expression data.

Results of the GWD Expression Analysis in Transgenic Maize

The silencing cassettes ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi provided significant levels of suppression of the GWD gene expression reaching more than 13 fold transcript level reduction in individual transgenic plants, when compared to the untransformed maize plant #37. The GWD gene expression was not suppressed in only one plant (4102.64) among all analyzed transgenic plants. The observed GWD silencing efficiency was 95.8-100%, with more than 3 fold transcript level reduction in each analyzed transgenic plant relative to the GWD level in untransformed maize (Table 4 and FIG. 16).

TABLE 4 Efficiency of GWD silencing in transgenic maize by ZmGWD1RNAi and ZmGWD2RNAi cassettes Number of Number of plants The observed analyzed with suppressed efficiency of Silencing transgenic GWD transcript GWD silencing (% cassette plants levels of silenced plants) ZmGWD1RNAi 24 23 95.8 (pAG4102) ZmGWD2RNAi 12 12 100 (pAG4103)

Example 10 Modified Plants Accumulate Elevated Levels of Starch and Higher Overall Glucose

Tissues were collected from control plants as well as rice and switchgrass plants that carry integrated copies of the RNAi transgenes described above. These tissues were then dried and milled to a fine powder. The starch content of these tissues was then determined by standard methods (Smith A M and Zeeman S C, Quantification of starch in plant tissues (2006) Nat. Protocols 1:1342-1345, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). Referring to FIG. 17, elevated starch among select lines of rice and switchgrass is shown for those lines that carry RNAi constructs. Results from Nipponbarre and Alamo (untransformed control lines for rice and switchgrass, respectively) represent the averages from several different plants. Other results represent 2-3 fold replicate data from single transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are identified according to the starch mobilization gene targeted. OsGWD-1 plants carry the RNAi vector pAG2100; OsGWD-2 plants carry pAG2101; OsDSP plants carry pAG2102; OsISA3 plants carry pAG2103; PvGWD plants carry pAG2104, an RNAi expression vector that specifically targets switchgrass GWD transcripts resembling the sequences described above (see FIG. 12). As shown in FIG. 17, several transgenic lines of rice and switchgrass were identified that accumulate starch above the levels seen among control plants. In these examples, starch accumulated to levels as high as 6% among transgenic rice lines while only accumulating to about 3% in the highest of the control lines. In switchgrass, the highest Alamo line accumulated about 2% starch whereas the highest transgenic line accumulated about 3.5% starch by dry weight.

Referring to FIG. 18, starch content in several rice plants approximately 5 weeks older than those depicted in FIG. 17 was found to be 2 to 3 times than that observed in younger plants. FIG. 18 illustrates starch content in transgenic rice lines, collected approximately 19 weeks after planting. Nomenclature of plants is as in FIG. 17. Among these, one line expressing an RNAi that targets GWD accumulated starch to ˜16% dry weight, while control lines accumulated no more than ˜8% starch.

To generate additional transgenic plants that express the above-described microRNAs or hpRNAs, constructs were introduced into plasmid vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation pAG2005 (SEQ ID NO: 75), and pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76).

Transgenic rice plants were generated, and grown in greenhouses to maturity, after which seed and dried straw were harvested. The starch content of individual plants was measured via a total starch assay (Megazyme, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland). FIG. 19 illustrates the starch content that was observed among several individuals from populations carrying each of 11 different constructs, wherein the constructs correspond to SEQ IDs as follows: 2107 (SEQ ID NO: 59), 2108 (SEQ ID NO: 60), 2109 (SEQ ID NO: 61), 2110 (SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 63), 2111 (SEQ ID NO: 64), 2112 (SEQ ID NO: 66), 2113 (SEQ ID NO: 62), 2114 (SEQ ID NO: 65), 2115 (SEQ ID NO: 72), 2116 (SEQ ID NO: 73), and 2117 (SEQ ID NO: 74). These results indicate that suppressing expression of enzymes, such as GWD, PWD, and DSP, that are involved in the turnover of transitory starch cause plants to accumulate starch and that this starch can persist in the biomass after senescence.

Milled samples of the straw were collected from each of several transgenic plants produced from pAG2110, pAG2115, and pAG2116 that accumulate >8% (>80 mg/g) starch, and these were pooled to prepare a “transgenic mix.” This transgenic mix had an average total starch content of approximately 9.2% (92 mg starch per gram dry weight). Similarly, samples of straw from Nipponbarre plants were pooled to prepare a “NB control mix,” which had an approximate starch content of 0.8% (8 mg starch per gram dry weight). Samples were then taken from these mixes, and total acid hydrolysis was used to examine their total carbohydrate composition to determine whether starch accumulation affected overall carbohydrate content. About 0.20 g milled tissue from each mix was treated with 72% sulfuric acid at 30° C. for 1 hr. The acid was then diluted to 4% concentration, and samples were autoclaved at 121° C. for 1 hr. After cooling, the pH of the samples was adjusted to pH 5-8. Analysis was carried out via HPLC, and sugar concentrations were calculated relative to pure sugar standards. Results from this analysis are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Carbohydrate composition of control and transgenic rice straw. NB control mix Transgenic mix Carbohydrate Ave Stdev Ave Stdev Glucose (g/100 g biomass) 36.32 0.07 43.39 0.39 Xylose (g/100 g biomass) 14.64 0.09 13.84 0.06 Galactose (g/100 g biomass) 1.26 0.09 0.91 0.53 Arabinose(g/100 g biomass) 0.25 0.02 0.07 0.24 Mannose (g/100 g biomass) 2.16 0.06 2.01 0.45

These results confirm that the additional starch content of the transgenic biomass results in an increase in the total glucose content of the material and does not come at the expense of, for example, cellulose-derived glucose.

Example 11 Transgenic Plants that Accumulate Vegetative Starch have Greater Above-Ground Biomass

To determine whether the starch-accumulation phenotype affected the biomass yield among transgenic plants, 20 progeny from a single rice plant carrying construct 2116 and 9 progeny from wild type (NB) control plants were grown in a greenhouse to maturity, seed was collected, and total above ground biomass (excluding seeds and panicles) was harvested, dried and weighed (FIG. 20). Referring to FIG. 20, the average dry weights of the plants from the 2116 population is 17% greater than that of the control population.

Example 12 Glucose Recovery Following Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Rather than using a total acid hydrolysis to extract glucose from lignocellulosic biomass, a dilute acid pretreatment is often used to pretreat biomass in order to disrupt the crystallinity of the carbohydrate polymers that are present in the plant material, and then cocktails of hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases, hemicellulases, etc.) are added to hydrolyze the polymers to their component sugars. To determine whether high-starch biomass would allow more glucose to be recovered during such an enzymatic hydrolysis procedure, 20 mg of milled tissue from each of the mixed samples (NB control mix and Transgenic mix) was pretreated with 0.25M sulfuric acid (pH 1.0) at 95° C. for 4 or 16 hrs, or at 120° C. for 1 hr. After adjusting the pH of the pretreated samples, enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out with a commercially available enzyme cocktail, Accellerase® (Genencor, Palo Alto Calif.). Hydrolysis with a “full cocktail” (FCt) Accellerase mixture involves 200 μL, Accellerase® 1500 and 100 μL Accellerase® XY per gram biomass at 50° C., pH 5.0, for 72 hrs. Following hydrolysis, glucose yield was measured using HPLC (FIG. 21). Referring to this figure, it was observed, that under all three pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions, more free glucose was recovered from the transgenic, high-starch biomass than could be recovered from the control biomass.

To determine whether increased glucose could be recovered from the transgenic straw when alternative methods of biomass pretreatment were employed, samples of the NB control mix and the Transgenic mix biomass were subjected to three different pretreatment strategies. 20 mg milled tissue was pretreated with a dilute acid pretreatment (0.25M sulfuric acid at pH 1.0), a base pretreatment (7.5% NH₄OH at pH 12.0), or a bisulfite pretreatment (0.175M NH₄HSO₃+0.18M (NH₄)₂CO₃; bisulfite at pH 8.1). Following pretreatment, samples were hydrolyzed with an enzyme cocktail as described above. The amounts of glucose and xylose that were released following each pretreatment and hydrolysis were quantified by HPLC (FIGS. 22 and 23). As can be seen in FIG. 22, for each pretreatment more glucose was recovered from the transgenic biomass than was recovered from the control biomass. In contrast, as can be seen in FIG. 23, under each pretreatment condition, xylose yields from the transgenic biomass were very similar to or slightly lower than the xylose yields from the control biomass, reflecting the fact that the transgenic biomass had a slightly lower xylose content on a per gram dry weight basis, as determined earlier from the total compositional analysis (See Table 5).

These observations indicate that increasing starch content of the biomass enables the recovery of more glucose per unit of biomass. Furthermore, comparison of the glucose yield from acid pretreated (95° C. 16 h) NB control mix sample with the glucose yield from the bisulfate pretreated (95° C. 16 h) transgenic mix sample as shown in FIG. 22 indicates that, although a mild pretreatment, such as the bisulfate pretreatment described above, might release glucose less efficiently than an acid or a base pretreatment, as much or more glucose can be recovered from the transgenic biomass with even a mild pretreatment than can be recovered from the control biomass following a harsh acid or base pretreatment. Using a mild pretreatment would enable processing facilities with less expensive capital equipment; conversely, using the transgenic material in a more severe pretreatment would increase glucose yields, improving the return on investment of that equipment.

In a similar experiment, samples from two individual transgenic rice plants 2110_(—)13 and 2110_(—)21 and the NB control mix were pretreated under four different conditions, then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis (FIG. 24). Twenty milligrams of milled tissue was pretreated with an acid pretreatment (0.25M sulfuric acid at pH 1.0), a base pretreatment (7.5% NH₄OH at pH 12.0), a bisulfite pretreatment (0.175M NH₄HSO₃+0.18M (NH₄)₂CO₃ at pH 8.1), or a calcium hydroxide pretreatment [saturated Ca(OH)₂] at 120° C. for 1 hr with a liquor-to-solids ratio of 10, followed by enzymatic digestion as described previously. Glucose yields were quantified via HPLC. Referring to FIG. 24, overall performance of the pretreatments differ markedly, but in each case more glucose was recovered from the transgenic rice biomass than was recovered from the control biomass. These results also show that the benefit from the increased starch accumulation in the transgenic plants can be seen in biomass derived from a single plant line, and need not involve a blend of biomass from multiple independent plant lines.

Example 13 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Biomass

Ethanol, organic acids, or other biochemicals can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). This process utilizes biomass pretreatment, as described above, followed by the hydrolysis of the biomass with enzyme cocktails in the presence of yeasts or other microorganisms, which will metabolize the resulting sugars to produce ethanol, organic acids, and/or additional biochemicals.

To determine whether biomass from the high-starch transgenic rice would support the production of more ethanol relative to control biomass via SSF, 3g of biomass from either the NB control mix or the transgenic mix was pretreated with 0.25 M H₂SO₄ pH 1.0 at 120° C. for 1 hr in a pressure cooker. Hydrolysis was carried out at pH 4.9 at 50° C. with the full Accellerase cocktail (FCt). FCt contains 200 μL Accellerase® 1500 per 1 g biomass and 100 μL Accellerase® XY per 1 g biomass. YP medium (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone) was added to the hydrolysate to aid in yeast growth, and then an inoculum of D5A yeast cells was added from a frozen stock. A “glucose control” sample was also prepared that employed pure glucose (approximately 20-22 g/L) in the medium in place of the hydrolyzed biomass.

FIG. 25 illustrates changes in yeast culture titers (CFU/mL) during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of transgenic biomass (square; transgenic mix), non-transgenic control plants (diamond: NB control mix) and glucose control (triangle). As can be seen in FIG. 25, all three samples supported the growth of the fermenting organism, yeast in this example. Pure glucose supported the most rapid growth of the yeast, and yeast growth reached a plateau sooner when grown on pure glucose than when grown on the biomass hydrolysates. By 24 hours, transgenic biomass supported the growth of more yeast than did the control biomass.

FIG. 26 illustrates release and consumption of glucose during SSF and fermention of transgenic biomass, non-transgenic control plant and the glucose control. Referring to FIG. 26, it was observed that saccharification; i.e., hydrolysis of the polysaccharides in the biomass to their component sugars, is occurring at the same time as yeast cells are growing during SSF and glucose concentrations in biomass hydrolysates increases initially, while glucose concentrations in the “glucose control” medium decrease immediately. As the yeast populations increase and biomass is depleted, the glucose concentrations begin to drop in media that contain biomass as well.

FIG. 27 illustrates ethanol production during simultaneous sacharification and fermention of rice biomass, non-transgenic control plants and glucose control. Consistent with the rapid consumption of glucose seen in cultures containing the “glucose control,” the control cultures also produce ethanol sooner than do the cultures grown on biomass hydrolysates. By 48 hours, though, both types of biomass hydrolysates support the production of significant amounts of ethanol. Consistent with a higher content of easily-hydrolyzed starch, the transgenic mix biomass supports a more rapid production of ethanol as well as a higher final concentration of ethanol (final concentration: 17.1 g ethanol/100 g biomass) than does the NB control mix biomass (final concentration: 14.2 g ethanol/100 g stover).

Based upon the initial amounts of glucose that were present in each culture as glucan polymers in the biomass samples, it is possible to calculate the effective ethanol yield on glucose, using Equation 1:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {CelluloseConversion}} = {\frac{\lbrack{EtOH}\rbrack_{f} - \lbrack{EtOH}\rbrack_{0}}{0.51*{f\lbrack{Biomass}\rbrack}} \times 100\%}$

where the [EtOH]_(f) is the final ethanol concentration (g/L), [EtOH]₀ is the initial ethanol concentration (g/L), 0.51 is the conversion factor for glucose to ethanol based on the stoichiometric biochemistry of yeast, f is the glucan (glucose polysaccharide) fraction of the dry biomass, and [Biomass] is the starting concentration (g/L) of the dry biomass in the sample. Using this equation, there was a higher ethanol conversion rate from the transgenic biomass than from the control biomass, as shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Ethanol conversion rates of control and transgenic biomass. % EtOH Conversion % EtOH yield Strain NB control mix Transgenic mix Glucose Control % Conversion 81.83 84.12 89.45

It was observed that the ethanol conversion rate on the transgenic biomass was closer that observed on pure glucose, indicating that ethanol fermentation can proceed more efficiently from transgenic, high-starch biomass than from control biomass.

Example 14 Combining Starch Accumulation with the Expression of Polysaccharide Degrading Enzymes

While increased starch accumulation in the transgenic biomass enables the release of more glucose from biomass during hydrolysis or SSF, it may be possible to convert even more of the available glucan into glucose by producing polysaccharide degrading enzymes in the biomass while plants are growing at the same time that starch is accumulating. Plant cell walls are composed of numerous polysaccharides, including glucan polymers such as cellulose, β-glucan, and xyloglucans, as well as other complex polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses (heteroxylans), pectins, etc. Expressing enzymes that degrade these polysaccharides will make it possible to decompose these polysaccharides into their component sugars more readily, thereby providing an additional benefit to high-starch biomass for animal feed or fermentation applications, in which fermentable or digestible sugars are more efficiently recovered from both vegetative starch and structural polysaccharides.

A number of polysaccharide degrading enzymes can be employed for this objective. Examples of these polysaccharide degrading enzymes are provided as SEQ ID NO: 77 (O43097 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 78 (BD22308 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 79 (BD25243 endoglucanase), SEQ ID NO: 80 (EU591743 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 81 (NtEGm endoglucanase), SEQ ID NO: 82 (P0C2S1 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 83 (P77853 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 84 (O68438 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 85 (O33897 endoglucanase), SEQ ID NO: 160 (amylase 19862), SEQ ID NO: 161 (glucoamylase 20082), SEQ ID NO: 162 (glucoamylase 20707), SEQ ID NO: 163 (amylase 21853), SEQ ID NO: 169 (AmyS), and SEQ ID NO: 171 (GlaA). These enzymes can be encoded by DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 86 (O43097 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 87 (BD22308 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 88 (BD25243 endoglucnase), SEQ ID NO: 89 (EU591743 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 90 (NtEGm endoglucanase), SEQ ID NO: 91 (P0C2S1 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 92 (P77853 xylanase), SEQ ID NO: 93 (O68438 cellobiohydrolase), SEQ ID NO: 94 (O33897 endoglucanase), SEQ ID NO: 164 (amylase 19862), SEQ ID NO: 165 (glucoamylase 20082), SEQ ID NO: 166 (glucoamylase 20707), SEQ ID NO: 167 (amylase 21853), SEQ ID NO: 168 (AmyS), and SEQ ID NO: 170 (GlaA).

Because the activity of polysaccharide degrading enzymes in living plant tissues may interfere with plant growth or development, it may be helpful to express such enzymes as inactive precursors, for example, as intein-modified pro-enzymes that can be activated after the biomass has been harvested by regulating the conditions under which inteins can be activated (See the following references for intein-modified pro-enzymes that may be utilized herein. PCT patent application PCT/US03/00432 filed Jan. 7, 2003, PCT/US2010/055669 filed Nov. 5, 2010, PCT/US2010/055751 filed Nov. 5, 2010, PCT/US2010/055746 filed Nov. 5, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 8,247,647 issued Aug. 21, 2012, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/590,444 filed Nov. 6, 2009, all of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth). Examples of inteins that can be employed for this purpose are provided as the polypeptides SEQ ID NO: 95 (AS146-7 intein polypeptide), SEQ ID NO: 96 (S158-30-108-35), and SEQ ID NO: 97 (T134-100-101), which can be encoded by the DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 98 (AS146-7), SEQ ID NO: 99 (S158-30-108-35), and SEQ ID NO: 100 (T134-100-101). Examples of enzymes that incorporate such inteins are provided as SEQ ID NO: 101 (EU591743:AS146-7), SEQ ID NO: 102 (P77853:S158-30-108-35), and SEQ ID NO: 103 (P77853:T134-100-101), which can be encoded by the DNA sequences provided as SEQ ID NO: 104 (EU591743:AS146-7), SEQ ID NO: 105 (P77853:S158-30-108-35), and SEQ ID NO; 106 (P77853:T134-100-101).

Expression cassettes can be constructed such that transcription of the CWDE is directed by a suitable promoter. Examples of such promoters are provided as SEQ ID NO: 55 (ZmUbi1P), SEQ ID NO: 56 (ZmPepCP) and SEQ ID NO: 57 (OsUbi3P). Transcription from this cassette can be terminated by employing a suitable polyadenylation signal. An example of such a signal is provided as SEQ ID NO: 58 (NOS terminator). Furthermore, accumulation, stability, and/or subcellular targeting of a given polysaccharide degrading enzyme can be modified by expressing them as fusions with suitably chosen N-terminal or C-terminal polypeptides. Examples of such polypeptides are provided as SEQ ID NO: 107 (BAASS signal peptide), SEQ ID NO: 108 (SEKDEL signal peptide), SEQ ID NO: 109 (xHvVSD targeting signal), SEQ ID NO: 110 (ZmUBQm translational fusion), SEQ ID NO: 111 (xGZein27ss), and SEQ ID NO: 112 (HvAle signal), which can be encoded by DNA sequences provided as SEQ ID NO: 113 (BAASS), SEQ ID NO: 114 (SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 115 (xHvVSD), SEQ ID NO: 116 (ZmUBQm), SEQ ID NO: 117 (xGZein27ss), and SEQ ID NO: 118 (HvAle).

FIG. 28 illustrates the organization of a CWDE expression cassette which includes (1) a promoter element, (2) N-terminal signal peptide, (3) a coding sequence for CWDE (black), (4) C-terminal peptide, and (5) a transcriptional terminator/polyadenilation signal. In this example the CWDE (black) is expressed as a translational fusion with an N-terminal signal peptide as well as a C-terminal peptide.

Examples of other CWDE expression cassettes are provided as SEQ ID NO: 119 (ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD, SEQ ID NO: 120 (ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 121 (OsUbi3P:EU591743), SEQ ID NO: 122 (ZmUbi1P:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 123 (ZmUbi1P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 124 (ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 125 (OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 126 (OsUbi3P:BAASS:O33897), SEQ ID NO: 127 (ZmPepCP: BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL), SEQ ID NO: 128 (OsUbi3P:O68438), SEQ ID NO: 129 (OsUbi3P:P0C2S1), SEQ ID NO: 130 (ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35 and SEQ ID NO: 131 (ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100-101:SEKDEL).

Multiple CWDEs and hpRNAs can be expressed simultaneously in transgenic plants by constructing a transformation vector that has multiple expression cassettes linked in tandem.

FIG. 29 illustrates one such construct. The construct includes (1) a first promoter element, (2) a set of driver sequences positioned in opposite orientations such that the RNA transcript will be self-complementary in these regions, (3) an intron or a spacer element, (4) a first transcriptional terminator/polyadenylation signal, (5) a second promoter element, (6) a first N-terminal signal peptide, (7) a coding sequence for a first CWDE, (8) a first C-terminal signal peptide, (9) a second transcriptional terminator/polyadenylation signal, (10) a third promoter element, (11) a second N-terminal signal peptide, (12) a coding sequence for a second CWDE, (13) a third transcriptional terminator/polyadenylation signal, (14) a fourth promoter element, (15) a N-terminal fusion protein/leader sequence, (16) a third N-terminal signal peptide, (17) a coding sequence for a third CWDE, and (18) a fourth transcriptional terminator, polyadenylation signal.

Following are descriptions of vectors that can be used to introduce the above-described constructs into plant cells via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.

pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) is a plasmid that carries a spectinomycin resistance marker, a bacterial origin of replication, an Agrobacterium T-DNA right border (RB), and an Agrobacterium T-DNA left border (LB). Between the RB and LB is a plant selectable marker comprised of a maize ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi1P), the phosphomannose isomerase coding sequence, and NOS terminator

pAG4106 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 134) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S 158-30-108-35

pAG4107 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 135) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35

pAG4108 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 136) with ZmPepCP:SbGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35

pAG4109 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 137) with ZmPepCP:SbGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27ss:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853:S 158-30-108-35

pAG4110 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 138) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL:NOST+ZmPEPCP:BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL

pAG4111 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 139) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL:NOST+ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL

pAG4112 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 140) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmUbi1P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4113 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 141) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmUbi1P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4114 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 142) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4115 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 143) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4116 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 144) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4117 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 145) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4120 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 146) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+OsUbi3P:P0C2S1+OsUbi3P:HvAleSp:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853-T134-100-101:SEKDEL

pAG4121 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 147) with ZmPEPCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+OsUbi3P:P0C2S1+OsUbi3P:HvAleSp:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:ZmUBQm:BAASS:P77853-T134-100-101:SEKDEL

pAG4124 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a triple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 148) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4125 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a triple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 149) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmPepCP:xGZein27ss:BD25243:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4206 is a derivative of pAG4003 carrying a triple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 219) with ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL:NosT+ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097:SEKDEL

pAG4514 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 150) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

pAG4515 is a derivative of pAG4003 (SEQ ID NO: 76) carrying a quadruple stack construct (SEQ ID NO: 151) with ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi+ZmUbi1P:xGZein27:BD22308:xHvVSD+ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL+ZmUbi1P:BAASS:EU591743:AS146-7:SEKDEL

Example 15 More Glucose can be Recovered from Transgenic Plants that Accumulate Starch and Express Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes

Individual control and transgenic maize plants carrying either construct 4110 or 4111 were grown to maturity in a greenhouse. Leaves and stalks were harvested from the mature, senescent plants, dried, and milled. Samples from each were assayed for starch content, xylanase activity, and endoglucanase activity using (respectively) the Total Starch Assay Kit, Xylazyme, and Cellazyme chromogenic substrates from Megazyme (Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland). As shown in FIG. 30, biomass from plants carrying construct 4110 and 4111 accumulate more starch than the control plant, while also expressing xylanase and endoglucanase enzymes. When biomass from these plants was pretreated and hydrolyzed as described above it was possible to recover more glucose from the transgenic plants. Furthermore, plants that accumulated starch and cell wall degrading enzymes yielded more glucose than did plants that only expressed the cell wall degrading enzymes, as shown in FIG. 31.

It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover all modifications which are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims; the above description; and/or shown in the attached drawings.

REFERENCES

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The references cited throughout this application, are incorporated for all purposes apparent herein and in the references themselves as if each reference was fully set forth. For the sake of presentation, specific ones of these references are cited at particular locations herein. A citation of a reference at a particular location indicates a manner(s) in which the teachings of the reference are incorporated. However, a citation of a reference at a particular location does not limit the manner in which all of the teachings of the cited reference are incorporated for all purposes.

It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover all modifications which are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims; the above description; and/or shown in the attached drawings. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A genetically engineered plant comprising a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme, wherein upon the expression of the first nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant has an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant having the same genetic background as the genetically engineered plant but lacking the first isolated nucleic acid.
 2. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1 further comprising a promoter operably linked to at least one of the first isolated nucleic acid or the second isolated nucleic acid.
 3. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1 further comprising an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid and a spacer contiguous with and between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement, wherein a sequence of the inverted complement is capable of hybridizing to a sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under condition of moderate stringency.
 4. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the product is an miRNA capable of targeting a messenger RNA transcribed from a target gene selected from the at least one gene.
 5. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the product is a restriction enzyme capable of cutting a sequence of a target gene selected from the at least one gene.
 6. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 38 [OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 39 [OsPWD osa-MR809aM1 micro RNA], SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44[OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46[SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs].
 7. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the at least one gene comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 5 [SbGWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 6 [ZmGWD coding se], SEQ ID NO: 7 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 8 [SbGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 9 [ZMGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 10 [SbGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID 11 [ZmGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 12 [SbGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 13 [ZmGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 17 [SbPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 18 [ZmPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 19 [OsPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 20 [SbPWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 21 [ZmPWD gene]. SEQ ID NO: 22 [SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 23 [SbPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 24 [ZmPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 29 [ZmDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 30 [SbDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 31 [OsDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 32 [ZmDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 33 [SbDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 34 [ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 35 [SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 36 [ZmDSP 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 37 [SbDSP gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 173 [OsGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 174 [DSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 175 [ISA3 gene], SEQ ID NO: 176 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 177 [DSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 178[ISA3 coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 182 [portion of SlGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 191 [SbGWD gene-1], SEQ ID NO: 192 [SbGDW gene-2], SEQ ID NO: 206 [PvGWD-2], SEQ ID NO: 207 [PvGWD-5], SEQ ID NO: 208 [PvGWD-1], and SEQ ID NO: 215 [switcgrass amalgamated sequence].
 8. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: Glucan Water Dikinase, Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase, Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase, β-amylase, isoamylase, limit dextrinase, a disproportionating enzyme, and a debranching enzyme
 9. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme is selected from a group consisting of: a xylanase, an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase, an amylase, an intein-modified xylanase, an intein-modified endoglucanase, an intein-modified exoglucanase and an intein-modified amylase.
 10. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the second isolated nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86 [O43097], SEQ ID NO: 87 [BD22308], SEQ ID NO: 88 [BD25243], SEQ ID NO: 89 [EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 90 [NtEGm], SEQ ID NO: 91 [P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 92 [P77853], SEQ ID NO: 93 [O68438], SEQ ID NO: 94 [O33897], SEQ ID NO:164 [amylase 19862], SEQ ID NO: 165 [glucoamylase 20082], SEQ ID NO: 166 [glucoamylase 20707], SEQ ID NO: 167 [amylase 21853], SEQ ID NO: 168 [AmyS], SEQ ID NO: 170 [GlaA], SEQ ID NO: 104 [EU591743:AS146-7], SEQ ID NO: 105 [P77853:S158-30-108-35], and SEQ ID NO: 106 [P77853:T134-101-100].
 11. The genetically engineered plant of claim 1, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid and the second isolated nucleic acid are within a genetic construct comprising a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 59 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 60 [Os Ubi3P: OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1], SEQ ID NO: 61 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 62 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 63 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:64 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 65 [OsUbi3P: OsPWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 66 [OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 67 [OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 68 [ZmPepCP: SbGWD1RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 69 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD2RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 70 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 71 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 72 [OsDSP1 and OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 73 [OsPWD2 and OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 74 [OsDSP2 and OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 119 [ZmUbi1P:mZ27:BD22308:HvVSD], SEQ ID NO: 120 [ZmPepCP:m27:BD25243:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 121 [OsUbi3P:EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 122 [ZmUbi1P:EU591743: AS146-7:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 123 [ZmUbi1p:NvAle:NtEGm: SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 124 [ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 125 [OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 126 [OsUbi3P:BAASS: O43097:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 127 [ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097], SEQ ID NO: 128 [OsUbi3P:O68438], SEQ ID NO: 129 [OsUbi3P:P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 130 [ZmUbi1P:Zm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35], SEQ ID NO: 131 [ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100-101:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 132 [2379 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 133 [2380 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 134 [4106 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 135 [4107 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 136 [4108 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 137 [4109 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 138 [4110 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:139 [4111 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 140 [4112 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 141 [4113 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 142 [4114 cassette 3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 143 [4115 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 144 [4116 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 145 [4117 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 146 [4120 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 147 [4121 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 148 [4124 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 149 [4125 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:150 [4514 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], and SEQ ID NO: 151 [4515 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA].
 12. A genetic construct comprising a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme.
 13. The genetic construct of claim 12 further comprising a promoter operably linked to at least one of the first isolated nucleic acid or the second isolated nucleic acid.
 14. The genetic construct of claim 12 further including an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid sequence and a spacer contiguous with and between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement, wherein a sequence of the inverted complement is capable of hybridizing to a sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under condition of moderate stringency.
 15. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the product is an miRNA capable of targeting a messenger RNA transcribed from a target gene selected from the at least one gene.
 16. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the product is a restriction enzyme capable of cutting a sequence of a target gene selected from the at least one gene.
 17. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 38 [OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 39[OsGWD osa-MR809aM1 micro RNA], SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44[OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46 [SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], and SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs].
 18. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the at least one gene comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 5 [SbGWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 6 [ZmGWD coding se], SEQ ID NO: 7 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 8 [SbGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 9 [ZMGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 10 [SbGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID 11 [ZmGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 12 [SbGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 13 [ZmGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 17 [SbPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 18 [ZmPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 19 [OsPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 20 [SbPWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 21 [ZmPWD gene]. SEQ ID NO: 22 [SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 23 [SbPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 24 [ZmPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 29 [ZmDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 30 [SbDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 31 [OsDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 32 [ZmDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 33 [SbDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 34 [ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 35 [SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 36 [ZmDSP 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 37 [SbDSP gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 173 [OsGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 174 [DSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 175 [ISA3 gene], SEQ ID NO: 176 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 177 [DSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 178 [ISA3 coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 182 [portion of SlGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 191 [SbGWD gene-1], SEQ ID NO: 192 [SbGDW gene-2], SEQ ID NO: 206 [PvGWD-2], SEQ ID NO: 207 [PvGWD-5], SEQ ID NO: 208 [PvGWD-1], and SEQ ID NO: 215 [switcgrass amalgamated sequence].
 19. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: Glucan Water Dikinase, Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase, Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase, β-amylase, isoamylase, limit dextrinase, a disproportionating enzyme, and a debranching enzyme
 20. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme is selected from a group consisting of: a xylanase, an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase, an amylase, an intein-modified xylanase, an intein-modified endoglucanase, an intein-modified exoglucanase and an intein-modified amylase.
 21. The genetic construct of claim 12, wherein the second isolated nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 86 [O43097], SEQ ID NO: 87 [BD22308], SEQ ID NO: 88 [BD25243], SEQ ID NO: 89 [EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 90 [NtEGm], SEQ ID NO: 91 [P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 92 [P77853], SEQ ID NO: 93 [O68438], SEQ ID NO: 94 [O33897], SEQ ID NO:164 [amylase 19862], SEQ ID NO: 165 [glucoamylase 20082], SEQ ID NO: 166 [glucoamylase 20707], SEQ ID NO: 167 [amylase 21853], SEQ ID NO: 168 [AmyS], SEQ ID NO: 170 [GlaA], SEQ ID NO: 104 [EU591743:AS146-7], SEQ ID NO: 105 [P77853:S158-30-108-35], and SEQ ID NO: 106 [P77853:T134-101-100].
 22. The genetic construct of claim 12 comprising a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 59 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 60 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1], SEQ ID NO: 61 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 62 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 63 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:64 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 65 [OsUbi3P: OsPWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 66 [OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 67 [OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 68 [ZmPepCP: SbGWD1RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 69 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD2RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 70 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 71 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 72 [OsDSP1 and OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 73 [OsPWD2 and OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 74 [OsDSP2 and OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 119 [ZmUbi1P:mZ27:BD22308:HvVSD], SEQ ID NO: 120 [ZmPepCP:m27:BD25243:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 121 [OsUbi3P:EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 122 [ZmUbi1P:EU591743: AS146-7:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 123 [ZmUbi1p:NvAle:NtEGm: SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 124 [ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 125 [OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 126 [OsUbi3P:BAASS: O43097:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 127 [ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097], SEQ ID NO: 128 [OsUbi3P:O68438], SEQ ID NO: 129 [OsUbi3P:P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 130 [ZmUbi1P:Zm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35], SEQ ID NO: 131 [ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100-101:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 132 [2379 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 133 [2380 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 134 [4106 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 135 [4107 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 136 [4108 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 137 [4109 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 138 [4110 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:139 [4111 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 140 [4112 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 141 [4113 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 142 [4114 cassette 3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 143 [4115 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 144 [4116 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 145 [4117 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 146 [4120 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 147 [4121 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 148 [4124 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 149 [4125 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:150 [4514 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], and SEQ ID NO: 151 [4515 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA].
 23. A method of agricultural processing or preparing animal feed comprising providing a genetically engineered plant comprising a first isolated nucleic acid that encodes a product that inactivates or inhibits expression of at least one gene encoding a protein involved in mobilization of starch in a plant, and a second isolated nucleic acid that encodes at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme, wherein upon the expression of the first nucleic acid, the genetically engineered plant has an altered level of vegetative starch compared to the level of vegetative starch in a non-genetically engineered plant.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the genetically engineered plant further comprises a promoter operably linked to at least the first isolated nucleic acid or the second isolated nucleic acid.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the genetically engineered plant further comprises an inverted complement of the first isolated nucleic acid and a spacer contiguous with and between the first isolated nucleic acid and the inverted complement, and wherein a sequence of the inverted complement is capable of hybridizing to a sequence of the first isolated nucleic acid under condition of moderate stringency.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the product is an miRNA capable of targeting a messenger RNA transcribed from a target gene selected from the at least gene.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the product is a restriction enzyme capable of cutting a sequence of a target gene selected from the at least gene.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 38 [OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 39 [OsGWD osa-MR809aM1 micro RNA], SEQ ID NO: 40 [OsDSP1], SEQ ID NO: 41 [OsDSP2], SEQ ID NO: 42 [OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 43 [OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 44 [OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 45 [OsPWD2], SEQ ID NO: 46 [SbGWD-SbGWDko2b-flanking seqs], SEQ ID NO: 47 [SbGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 48 [SbGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 49 [ZmGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 50 [ZmGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 179 [GWD1], SEQ ID NO: 180 [GWD2], SEQ ID NO: 183 [DSP1], SEQ ID NO: 184 [ISA3], SEQ ID NO: 209 [PvGWDko2], and SEQ ID NO: 216 [SbGWDko2a-flanking seqs].
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one gene comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 5 [SbGWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 6 [ZmGWD coding se], SEQ ID NO: 7 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 8 [SbGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 9 [ZMGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 10 [SbGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID 11 [ZmGWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 12 [SbGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 13 [ZmGWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 17 [SbPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 18 [ZmPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 19 [OsPWD coding seq], SEQ ID NO: 20 [SbPWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 21 [ZmPWD gene]. SEQ ID NO: 22 [SbPWD gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 23 [SbPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 24 [ZmPWD gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 29 [ZmDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 30 [SbDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 31 [OsDSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 32 [ZmDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 33 [SbDSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 34 [ZmDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 35 [SbDSP gene 5′UTR and promoter], SEQ ID NO: 36 [ZmDSP 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 37 [SbDSP gene 3′UTR], SEQ ID NO: 173 [OsGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 174 [DSP gene], SEQ ID NO: 175 [ISA3 gene], SEQ ID NO: 176 [OsGWD coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 177 [DSP coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 178 [ISA3 coding sequence], SEQ ID NO: 182 [portion of SlGWD gene], SEQ ID NO: 191 [SbGWD gene-1], SEQ ID NO: 192 [SbGDW gene-2], SEQ ID NO: 206 [PvGWD-2], SEQ ID NO: 207 [35; PvGWD-5], SEQ ID NO: 208 [PvGWD-1], and SEQ ID NO: 215 [switcgrass amalgamated sequence].
 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: Glucan Water Dikinase, Phosphoglucan Water Dikinase, Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase, β-amylase, isoamylase, limit dextrinase, a disproportionating enzyme, and a debranching enzyme.
 31. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one polysaccharide degrading enzyme is selected from a group consisting of: a xylanase, an endoglucanase, an exoglucanase, an amylase, an intein-modified xylanase, an intein-modified endoglucanase, an intein-modified exoglucanase and an intein-modified amylase.
 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the second nucleic acid comprises a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 86 [O43097], SEQ ID NO: 87 [BD22308], SEQ ID NO: 88 [BD25243], SEQ ID NO: 89 [EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 90 [NtEGm], SEQ ID NO: 91 [P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 92 [P77853], SEQ ID NO: 93 [O68438], SEQ ID NO: 94 [O33897], SEQ ID NO:164 [amylase 19862], SEQ ID NO: 165 [glucoamylase 20082], SEQ ID NO: 166 [glucoamylase 20707], SEQ ID NO: 167 [amylase 21853], SEQ ID NO: 168 [AmyS], SEQ ID NO: 170 [GlaA], SEQ ID NO: 104 [EU591743:AS146-7], SEQ ID NO: 105 [P77853:S158-30-108-35], and SEQ ID NO: 106 [P77853:T134-101-100].
 33. The method of claim 23, wherein the first isolated nucleic acid and the second isolated nucleic acid are within a genetic construct comprising a sequence with at least 90% identity to a reference sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 59 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD amiRNA1wmd3], SEQ ID NO: 60 [OsUbi3P: OsGWD osa-MIR809aM1], SEQ ID NO: 61 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 62 [OsUbi3P:OsDSP2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 63 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:64 [OsUbi3P:OsGWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 65 [OsUbi3P: OsPWD1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 66 [OsUbi3P:OsPWD2 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 67 [OsUbi3P:SbGWD RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 68 [ZmPepCP: SbGWD1RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 69 [ZmPepCP:SbGWD2RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 70 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD1 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 71 [ZmPepCP:ZmGWD2 RNAi], SEQ ID NO: 72 [OsDSP1 and OsGWD2], SEQ ID NO: 73 [OsPWD2 and OsGWD1], SEQ ID NO: 74 [OsDSP2 and OsPWD1], SEQ ID NO: 119 [ZmUbi1P:mZ27:BD22308:HvVSD], SEQ ID NO: 120 [ZmPepCP:m27:BD25243:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 121 [OsUbi3P:EU591743], SEQ ID NO: 122 [ZmUbi1P:EU591743: AS146-7:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 123 [ZmUbi1p:NvAle:NtEGm: SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 124 [ZmPepCP:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 125 [OsUbi3P:HvAle:NtEGm:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 126 [OsUbi3P:BAASS: O43097:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 127 [ZmPepCP:BAASS:O43097], SEQ ID NO: 128 [OsUbi3P:O68438], SEQ ID NO: 129 [OsUbi3P:P0C2S1], SEQ ID NO: 130 [ZmUbi1P:Zm:BAASS:P77853:S158-30-108-35], SEQ ID NO: 131 [ZmUbi1P:BAASS:P77853:T134-100-101:SEKDEL], SEQ ID NO: 132 [2379 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 133 [2380 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 134 [4106 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 135 [4107 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 136 [4108 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 137 [4109 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 138 [4110 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:139 [4111 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 140 [4112 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 141 [4113 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 142 [4114 cassette 3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 143 [4115 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 144 [4116 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 145 [4117 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 146 [4120 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 147 [4121 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 148 [4124 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO: 149 [4125 cassette-2 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], SEQ ID NO:150 [4514 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA], and SEQ ID NO: 151 [4515 cassette-3 CWDE and 1 hpRNA].
 34. The method of claim 23 further comprising pretreating the genetically engineered plant with a chemical formulation to form a mixture.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the chemical formulation includes at least one moiety comprising an ion selected from the group consisting of: sulfite, bisulfite, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide and oxide.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one moiety further includes a counter ion selected from the group consisting of ammonium, sodium, magnesium and calcium.
 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the chemical formulation includes a compound selected from the group consisting of: a sulfuric acid, a base, ammonium bisulfite and ammonium carbonate.
 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the mixture has a liquid to solid ratio selected from the value of less than or equal to one of 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or
 1. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the pretreating includes incubating the mixture for a period of less or equal to one of 16 hours, 15 hours, 14 hours, 13 hours, 12 hours, 11 hours, 10 hours, 9 hours, 8 hours, 7 hours, 6 hours, 5 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, or 1 hour.
 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the pretreating includes providing a mixture temperature of 40° C. to 120° C.
 41. The method of claim 34, wherein the pretreating includes providing a mixture at a pH ranging from 1.0 to 12.0.
 42. The method of claim 41 further comprising hydrolyzing the mixture.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of hydrolyzing includes incubating the mixture for a period of less of or equal to one of 144 hours, 140 hours, 130 hours, 120 hours, 110 hours, 100 hours, 90 hours, 80 hours, 70 hours, 60 hours, 50 hours, 40 hours, 30 hours, 20 hours, 10 hours, 9 hours, 8 hours, 7 hours, 6 hours, 5 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, or 1 hour.
 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of hydrolyzing includes incubating the mixture at a temperature of 100° C. or less.
 45. The method of claim 44 further comprising hydrolyzing the genetically engineered plant with one or more exogenous enzymes.
 46. The method of claim 45, further comprising exposing the genetically engineered plant to a fermenting organism under fermenting conditions to produce a chemical product.
 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the one or more exogenous enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: a glycosidase, an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase, a glycosidase, a β-xylosidase, a cellulase, a xylanase, an amylase, an invertase, a protease, a phytase, a hydrolytic enzyme, a glucanase, a hemicellulase, an esterase, a laccase, a mannanase, and a peroxidase.
 48. The method of claim 23 further comprising at least one step selected from the group consisting of: drying the genetically engineered plant, pelletizing the genetically engineered plant into feed pellets, ensiling the genetically engineered plant to make silage, and combining the genetically engineered plant with distillers grains or with a source of edible fiber.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the source of edible fiber is selected from the group of plants consisting of: corn, sorghum, wheat, rye, soybeans, corn grain, sorghum grain, wheat grain, rye grain, soybean meal, corn meal, corn oil, and corn germ.
 50. The method of claim 23 further comprising feeding an animal with the genetically engineered plant to promote animal growth.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the animal is selected from the group consisting of: chicken, swine, and cattle.
 52. The method of claim 23, wherein the step of providing includes making the genetically engineered plant using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the genetic construct.
 53. The method of claim 23, wherein the genetically engineered plant is selected from the group consisting of: corn, soybean, rice, sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum, switchgrass, miscanthus, eucalyptus, willow and poplar. 